Hay, G. J., Dube, P., Bouchard, A., and Marceau, D. J. 2002. A scale-space primer for exploring
and quantifying complex landscapes. Ecological Modelling 153(1–2):2–49.
Hsieh, P. F., Lee, L. C., and Chen, N. Y. 2001. Effect of spatial resolution on classification
errors of pure and mixed pixels in remote sensing. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and
Remote Sensing 39(12):2657–2663.
Ju, J. C., Gopal, S., and Kolaczyk, E. D. 2005. On the choice of spatial and categorical scale in
remote sensing land-cover classification. Remote Sensing of Environment 96(1):62–77.
Krönert, R., Steinhardt, U., and Volk, M. 2001. Landscape Balance and Landscape Assessment. New York: Springer.
Lam, N. S. N. 1990. Description and measurement of Landsat TM images using fractals.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 56:187–195.
Lam, N. S. N., and De Cola, L. 1993. Fractals in Geography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall.
Ludwig, J., Bastin, G., Wallace, J., and McVicar, T. 2007. Assessing landscape health by
scaling with remote sensing: When is it not enough? Landscape Ecology 22(2):163–169.
Myint, S. W. 2003. Fractal approaches in texture analysis and classification of remotely sensed
data: Comparisons with spatial autocorrelation techniques and simple descriptive statistics.
International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:1925–1987.
Qiu, H.-L., Lam, N. S. N., Quattrochi, D. A., and Gamon, J. A. 1999. Fractal characterization of
hyperspectral imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 65:63–71.
Read, J. M., and Lam, N. S. N. 2002. Spatial methods for characterizing land cover and
detecting land-cover changes for the tropics. International Journal of Remote Sensing
23:2457–2474.
Stefanov, W. L., and Netzband, M. 2005. Assessment of ASTER land-cover and MODIS NDVI
data at multiple scales for ecological characterization of an arid urban center. Remote
Sensing of Environment 99(1–2):31–43.
Turner, M. G. 1990. Spatial and temporal analysis of landscape patterns. Landscape Ecology
4(1):21–30.
Tzotsos, A., Karantzalos, K., and Argialas, D. 2011. Object-based image analysis through
nonlinear scale-space filtering. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
66:2–16.
Wang, L., Sousa, W. P., Gong, P., and Biging, G. S. 2004. Comparison of IKONOS and
QuickBird images for mapping mangrove species on the Caribbean coast of panama.
Remote Sensing of Environment 91:432–440.
Weng, Q. 2003. Fractal analysis of satellite-detected urban heat island effect. Photogrammetric
Engineering and Remote Sensing 69:555–566.
Wu, J., and Hobbs, R. 2002. Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: An
idiosyncratic synthesis. Landscape Ecology 17:355–365.
Wu, J., and Qi, Y. 2000. Dealing with scale in landscape analysis: An overview. Geographic
Information Sciences 6(1):1–5.
Zhao, W. 2001. Multiscale Analysis for Characterization of Remotely Sensed Images. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Louisiana State University.
10
CHARACTERIZING, MEASURING, ANALYZING, AND MODELING SCALE
and quantifying complex landscapes. Ecological Modelling 153(1–2):2–49.
Hsieh, P. F., Lee, L. C., and Chen, N. Y. 2001. Effect of spatial resolution on classification
errors of pure and mixed pixels in remote sensing. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and
Remote Sensing 39(12):2657–2663.
Ju, J. C., Gopal, S., and Kolaczyk, E. D. 2005. On the choice of spatial and categorical scale in
remote sensing land-cover classification. Remote Sensing of Environment 96(1):62–77.
Krönert, R., Steinhardt, U., and Volk, M. 2001. Landscape Balance and Landscape Assessment. New York: Springer.
Lam, N. S. N. 1990. Description and measurement of Landsat TM images using fractals.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 56:187–195.
Lam, N. S. N., and De Cola, L. 1993. Fractals in Geography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall.
Ludwig, J., Bastin, G., Wallace, J., and McVicar, T. 2007. Assessing landscape health by
scaling with remote sensing: When is it not enough? Landscape Ecology 22(2):163–169.
Myint, S. W. 2003. Fractal approaches in texture analysis and classification of remotely sensed
data: Comparisons with spatial autocorrelation techniques and simple descriptive statistics.
International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:1925–1987.
Qiu, H.-L., Lam, N. S. N., Quattrochi, D. A., and Gamon, J. A. 1999. Fractal characterization of
hyperspectral imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 65:63–71.
Read, J. M., and Lam, N. S. N. 2002. Spatial methods for characterizing land cover and
detecting land-cover changes for the tropics. International Journal of Remote Sensing
23:2457–2474.
Stefanov, W. L., and Netzband, M. 2005. Assessment of ASTER land-cover and MODIS NDVI
data at multiple scales for ecological characterization of an arid urban center. Remote
Sensing of Environment 99(1–2):31–43.
Turner, M. G. 1990. Spatial and temporal analysis of landscape patterns. Landscape Ecology
4(1):21–30.
Tzotsos, A., Karantzalos, K., and Argialas, D. 2011. Object-based image analysis through
nonlinear scale-space filtering. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
66:2–16.
Wang, L., Sousa, W. P., Gong, P., and Biging, G. S. 2004. Comparison of IKONOS and
QuickBird images for mapping mangrove species on the Caribbean coast of panama.
Remote Sensing of Environment 91:432–440.
Weng, Q. 2003. Fractal analysis of satellite-detected urban heat island effect. Photogrammetric
Engineering and Remote Sensing 69:555–566.
Wu, J., and Hobbs, R. 2002. Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: An
idiosyncratic synthesis. Landscape Ecology 17:355–365.
Wu, J., and Qi, Y. 2000. Dealing with scale in landscape analysis: An overview. Geographic
Information Sciences 6(1):1–5.
Zhao, W. 2001. Multiscale Analysis for Characterization of Remotely Sensed Images. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Louisiana State University.
10
CHARACTERIZING, MEASURING, ANALYZING, AND MODELING SCALE