Lam, N. S. N., Qiu, H.-L., and Quattrochi, D. A. 1997. An evaluation of fractal surface
measurement methods using ICAMS (Image Characterization and Modeling System).
ACSM/ASPRS Annual Convention, Seattle, WA. ASPRS and ACSM, pp. 377–386.
Lam, N. S. N., Qiu, H.-L., Quattrochi, D. A., and Emerson, C. W. 2002. An evaluation of fractal
methods for characterizing image complexity. Cartography and Geographic Information
Science 29:25–35.
Lam, N. S. N., and Quattrochi, D. A. 1992. On the issues of scale, resolution, and fractal
analysis in the mapping sciences. Professional Geographer 44:88–98.
Lam, N. S. N., Quattrochi, D. A., Qiu, H.-L., and Zhao, W. 1998. Environmental assessment
and monitoring with Image Characterization and Modeling System using multiscale remote
sensing data. Applied Geographic Studies 2:77–93.
Liang, B., and Weng, Q. 2013. An evaluation of fractal characteristics of urban landscape in
Indianapolis, USA, using multi-sensor satellite images. International Journal of Remote
Sensing 34:804–823.
Mandelbrot, B. B. 1977. Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension. San Francisco: WH
Freeman.
Mandelbrot, B. B. 1983. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco: WH Freeman.
Myint, S. W. 2003. Fractal approaches in texture analysis and classification of remotely sensed
data: Comparisons with spatial autocorrelation techniques and simple descriptive statistics.
International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:1925–1987.
Myint, S. W. 2007. Urban mapping with geospatial algorithms. In Q. Weng and D. Quattrochi
(Eds.), Urban Remote Sensing. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press,
pp. 109–136.
Nunn, S. 1995. Role of local infrastructure policies and economic development incentives in
metropolitan interjurisdictional cooperation. Journal of Urban Planning and Development
121:41–56.
Qiu, H.-L., Lam, N. S. N., Quattrochi, D. A., and Gamon, J. A. 1999. Fractal characterization of
hyperspectral imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 65:63–71.
Read, J. M., and Lam, N. S. N. 2002. Spatial methods for characterizing land cover and
detecting land-cover changes for the tropics. International Journal of Remote Sensing
23:2457–2474.
Soille, P., and Rivest, J.-F. 1996. On the validity of fractal dimension measurements in image
analysis. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 7:217.
Turner, M. G., and Garnder, R. H. 1991. Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology.
New York, NY: Springer.
United States Census Bureau. 2012. http://www.census.gov/. Assessed December 3.
Weng, Q. 2003. Fractal analysis of satellite-detected urban heat island effect. Photogrammetric
Engineering and Remote Sensing 69:555–566.
Zhao, W. 2001. Multiscale Analysis for Characterization of Remotely Sensed Images. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Louisiana State University.
252
MULTISCALE FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN
measurement methods using ICAMS (Image Characterization and Modeling System).
ACSM/ASPRS Annual Convention, Seattle, WA. ASPRS and ACSM, pp. 377–386.
Lam, N. S. N., Qiu, H.-L., Quattrochi, D. A., and Emerson, C. W. 2002. An evaluation of fractal
methods for characterizing image complexity. Cartography and Geographic Information
Science 29:25–35.
Lam, N. S. N., and Quattrochi, D. A. 1992. On the issues of scale, resolution, and fractal
analysis in the mapping sciences. Professional Geographer 44:88–98.
Lam, N. S. N., Quattrochi, D. A., Qiu, H.-L., and Zhao, W. 1998. Environmental assessment
and monitoring with Image Characterization and Modeling System using multiscale remote
sensing data. Applied Geographic Studies 2:77–93.
Liang, B., and Weng, Q. 2013. An evaluation of fractal characteristics of urban landscape in
Indianapolis, USA, using multi-sensor satellite images. International Journal of Remote
Sensing 34:804–823.
Mandelbrot, B. B. 1977. Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension. San Francisco: WH
Freeman.
Mandelbrot, B. B. 1983. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco: WH Freeman.
Myint, S. W. 2003. Fractal approaches in texture analysis and classification of remotely sensed
data: Comparisons with spatial autocorrelation techniques and simple descriptive statistics.
International Journal of Remote Sensing 24:1925–1987.
Myint, S. W. 2007. Urban mapping with geospatial algorithms. In Q. Weng and D. Quattrochi
(Eds.), Urban Remote Sensing. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press,
pp. 109–136.
Nunn, S. 1995. Role of local infrastructure policies and economic development incentives in
metropolitan interjurisdictional cooperation. Journal of Urban Planning and Development
121:41–56.
Qiu, H.-L., Lam, N. S. N., Quattrochi, D. A., and Gamon, J. A. 1999. Fractal characterization of
hyperspectral imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 65:63–71.
Read, J. M., and Lam, N. S. N. 2002. Spatial methods for characterizing land cover and
detecting land-cover changes for the tropics. International Journal of Remote Sensing
23:2457–2474.
Soille, P., and Rivest, J.-F. 1996. On the validity of fractal dimension measurements in image
analysis. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 7:217.
Turner, M. G., and Garnder, R. H. 1991. Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology.
New York, NY: Springer.
United States Census Bureau. 2012. http://www.census.gov/. Assessed December 3.
Weng, Q. 2003. Fractal analysis of satellite-detected urban heat island effect. Photogrammetric
Engineering and Remote Sensing 69:555–566.
Zhao, W. 2001. Multiscale Analysis for Characterization of Remotely Sensed Images. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Louisiana State University.
252
MULTISCALE FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN