THE DEEP-SEA FLOOR: AN OVERVIEW
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A
B
C
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Time (days)
Test volume (cm
3 )
150 200 250 300
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Fig. 2.23. Growth (as test volume) of three abyssal xenophyophore
individuals illustrating that growth can be rapid for deep-sea
organisms. Outer scale refers to individuals B and C. Inner scale
refers to individual A. Modified from Gooday et al. (1993).
Copyright: Elsevier Science.
environment (high pressure, low temperature), but by
the meager supply of food.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following people answered queries: W. Burnett,
J. Eckman, A. Gooday, P. Jumars, W. Landing,
P. LaRock, G. Paterson, G. Weatherly and G. Wilson.
L. Bouck, S. Ertman, R. Hessler, K. Suderman,
A. Thistle, G. Wilson, and an anonymous reviewer
commented on the manuscript. I am grateful for this
kind help. The chapter was written while the author
was partially supported by ONR grant N00014-95-10750 and NSF grant OCE-9616676.
REFERENCES
Aldred, R.G., Riemann-Z¨ urneck, K., Thiel, H. and Rice, A.L., 1979.
Ecological observations on the deep-sea anemone Actinoscyphia
aurelia. Oceanol. Acta, 2: 389−395.
Allen, J.A. and Sanders, H.L., 1966. Adaptations to abyssal life as
shown by the bivalve Abra profundum (Smith). Deep-Sea Res., 13:
1175−1184.
Allen, J.A. and Sanders, H.L., 1996. The zoogeography, diversity and
origin of the deep-sea protobranch bivalves of the Atlantic: the
epilogue. Prog. Oceanogr., 38: 95−153.
Altenbach, A.V., Heeger, T., Linke, P., Spindler, M. and Thies, A.,
1993. Miliolinella subrotunda (Montague), a miliolid foraminifer
building large dentritic tubes for temporary epibenthic life style.
Mar. Micropaleontol., 20: 293−301.
Anonymous, 1989. Seawater: Its Composition, Properties and
Behaviour. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 165 pp.
Bagley, P.M. and Priede, I.G., 1997. An autonomous free-fall acoustic
tracking system for investigation of fish behaviour at abyssal
depths. Aquat. Living Resourc., 10: 67−74.
Barnes, R.D., 1987. Invertebrate Zoology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
College Publishers, New York, 893 pp.
Barnett, P.R.O., Watson, J. and Connelly, D., 1984. A multiple corer
for taking virtually undisturbed samples from shelf, bathyal and
abyssal sediments. Oceanol. Acta, 7: 399−408.
Beamish, J.R. and Chilton, D.E., 1982. Preliminary evaluation of a
method to determine the age of sable fish (Anopoploma fimbria).
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 39: 277−287.
Behl, R.J. and Kennett, J.P., 1996. Brief interstadial events in the
Santa Barbara Basin, NE Pacific during the past 60 kyr. Nature,
379: 243−246.
Belyaev, G.M., 1989. Deep-Sea Oceanic Trenches and Their Fauna.
Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow. In
Russian. [Quoted by Gage and Tyler (1991)].
Benson, R.H., Chapman, R.E. and Deck, L.T., 1984. Paleoceanographic events and deep-sea ostracods. Science, 224: 1334−1336.
Bertram, M.A. and Cowen, J.P., 1994. Testate rhizopod growth and
mineral deposition of experimental substrate from Cross Seamount.
Deep-Sea Res., 41: 575−601.
Bertram, M.A. and Cowen, J.P., 1999. Temporal variations in the
deep-water colonization rates of small benthic foraminifera: the
results of an experiment on Cross Seamount. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46:
1021−1049.
Bett, B.J. and Rice, A.L., 1993. The feeding behaviour of an abyssal
echiuran revealed by in situ time-lapse photography. Deep-Sea Res.
I, 40: 1767−1779.
Bett, B.J., Vanreusel, A., Vincx, M., Soltwedel, T., Pfannkuche, O.,
Lambshead, P.J.D., Gooday, A.J., Ferrero, T.J. and Dinet, A., 1994.
Sampler bias in the quantitative study of deep-sea meiobenthos.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 104: 197−203.
Billett, D.S.M., Lampitt, R.S., Rice, A.L. and Mantoura, R.F.C., 1983.
Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos.
Nature, 302: 520−522.
Blake, J.A. and Hilbig, B., 1994. Dense infaunal assemblages on
the continental slope off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 44: 875−899.
Broom, D.M., 1975. Aggregation behaviour of the brittle star
Ophiothrix fragilis. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 55: 191−197.
Cahalan, J.A., Siddall, S.E. and Luchenbach, M.W., 1989. Effects of
flow velocity, food concentration and particle flux on growth rates
of juvenile bay scallops Argopecten irradians. J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecol., 129: 45−60.
Cannariato, K.G., Kennett, J.P. and Behl, R.J., 1999. Biotic response
to late Quaternary rapid climate switches in Santa Barbara Basin:
ecological and evolutionary implications. Geology, 27: 63−66.
Carey Jr., A.G., 1972. Food sources of sublittoral, bathyal and abyssal
asteroids in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Ophelia, 10: 35−47.
Carey Jr., A.G., 1981. A comparison of benthic infaunal abundance
on two abyssal plains in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea
Res., 28A: 467−479.
Carney, R.S. and Carey Jr., A.G., 1982. Distribution and diversity of
31
0
10
50
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
8
10
12
A
B
C
14
16
18
20
22
0
2
4
6
Time (days)
Test volume (cm
3 )
150 200 250 300
0
Fig. 2.23. Growth (as test volume) of three abyssal xenophyophore
individuals illustrating that growth can be rapid for deep-sea
organisms. Outer scale refers to individuals B and C. Inner scale
refers to individual A. Modified from Gooday et al. (1993).
Copyright: Elsevier Science.
environment (high pressure, low temperature), but by
the meager supply of food.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following people answered queries: W. Burnett,
J. Eckman, A. Gooday, P. Jumars, W. Landing,
P. LaRock, G. Paterson, G. Weatherly and G. Wilson.
L. Bouck, S. Ertman, R. Hessler, K. Suderman,
A. Thistle, G. Wilson, and an anonymous reviewer
commented on the manuscript. I am grateful for this
kind help. The chapter was written while the author
was partially supported by ONR grant N00014-95-10750 and NSF grant OCE-9616676.
REFERENCES
Aldred, R.G., Riemann-Z¨ urneck, K., Thiel, H. and Rice, A.L., 1979.
Ecological observations on the deep-sea anemone Actinoscyphia
aurelia. Oceanol. Acta, 2: 389−395.
Allen, J.A. and Sanders, H.L., 1966. Adaptations to abyssal life as
shown by the bivalve Abra profundum (Smith). Deep-Sea Res., 13:
1175−1184.
Allen, J.A. and Sanders, H.L., 1996. The zoogeography, diversity and
origin of the deep-sea protobranch bivalves of the Atlantic: the
epilogue. Prog. Oceanogr., 38: 95−153.
Altenbach, A.V., Heeger, T., Linke, P., Spindler, M. and Thies, A.,
1993. Miliolinella subrotunda (Montague), a miliolid foraminifer
building large dentritic tubes for temporary epibenthic life style.
Mar. Micropaleontol., 20: 293−301.
Anonymous, 1989. Seawater: Its Composition, Properties and
Behaviour. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 165 pp.
Bagley, P.M. and Priede, I.G., 1997. An autonomous free-fall acoustic
tracking system for investigation of fish behaviour at abyssal
depths. Aquat. Living Resourc., 10: 67−74.
Barnes, R.D., 1987. Invertebrate Zoology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
College Publishers, New York, 893 pp.
Barnett, P.R.O., Watson, J. and Connelly, D., 1984. A multiple corer
for taking virtually undisturbed samples from shelf, bathyal and
abyssal sediments. Oceanol. Acta, 7: 399−408.
Beamish, J.R. and Chilton, D.E., 1982. Preliminary evaluation of a
method to determine the age of sable fish (Anopoploma fimbria).
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 39: 277−287.
Behl, R.J. and Kennett, J.P., 1996. Brief interstadial events in the
Santa Barbara Basin, NE Pacific during the past 60 kyr. Nature,
379: 243−246.
Belyaev, G.M., 1989. Deep-Sea Oceanic Trenches and Their Fauna.
Institute of Oceanology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow. In
Russian. [Quoted by Gage and Tyler (1991)].
Benson, R.H., Chapman, R.E. and Deck, L.T., 1984. Paleoceanographic events and deep-sea ostracods. Science, 224: 1334−1336.
Bertram, M.A. and Cowen, J.P., 1994. Testate rhizopod growth and
mineral deposition of experimental substrate from Cross Seamount.
Deep-Sea Res., 41: 575−601.
Bertram, M.A. and Cowen, J.P., 1999. Temporal variations in the
deep-water colonization rates of small benthic foraminifera: the
results of an experiment on Cross Seamount. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46:
1021−1049.
Bett, B.J. and Rice, A.L., 1993. The feeding behaviour of an abyssal
echiuran revealed by in situ time-lapse photography. Deep-Sea Res.
I, 40: 1767−1779.
Bett, B.J., Vanreusel, A., Vincx, M., Soltwedel, T., Pfannkuche, O.,
Lambshead, P.J.D., Gooday, A.J., Ferrero, T.J. and Dinet, A., 1994.
Sampler bias in the quantitative study of deep-sea meiobenthos.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 104: 197−203.
Billett, D.S.M., Lampitt, R.S., Rice, A.L. and Mantoura, R.F.C., 1983.
Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos.
Nature, 302: 520−522.
Blake, J.A. and Hilbig, B., 1994. Dense infaunal assemblages on
the continental slope off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 44: 875−899.
Broom, D.M., 1975. Aggregation behaviour of the brittle star
Ophiothrix fragilis. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 55: 191−197.
Cahalan, J.A., Siddall, S.E. and Luchenbach, M.W., 1989. Effects of
flow velocity, food concentration and particle flux on growth rates
of juvenile bay scallops Argopecten irradians. J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecol., 129: 45−60.
Cannariato, K.G., Kennett, J.P. and Behl, R.J., 1999. Biotic response
to late Quaternary rapid climate switches in Santa Barbara Basin:
ecological and evolutionary implications. Geology, 27: 63−66.
Carey Jr., A.G., 1972. Food sources of sublittoral, bathyal and abyssal
asteroids in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Ophelia, 10: 35−47.
Carey Jr., A.G., 1981. A comparison of benthic infaunal abundance
on two abyssal plains in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea
Res., 28A: 467−479.
Carney, R.S. and Carey Jr., A.G., 1982. Distribution and diversity of