288
Paul A. TYLER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Martin Angel (Southampton Oceanography Centre)
and Andrew Clarke (British Antarctic Survey) are
thanked for their critical reading of the final draft of
this paper and their valuable and insightful comments.
Pauline Simpson (National Oceanographic Library) is
sincerely thanked for flushing out references I was
unable to find and Kate Davies (SOC) for drafting
support. David Goodall is also sincerely thanked for
his support, patience and encouragement during the
preparation of this paper.
REFERENCES
Andersen, V. and Nival, P., 1988. A pelagic ecosystem model
simulating production and sedimentation of biogenic particles:
role of salps and copepods. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 44: 37−50.
Anderson, M.E., Crabtree, R.E., Carter, H.J., Sulak, K.J. and
Richardson, M.D., 1985. Distribution of demersal fishes of the
Caribbean Sea found below 2000 m. Bull. Mar. Sci., 37: 794−807.
Andres, H.G., 1981. Lysianassidae aus dem Abyssal des Roten
Meeres, Bearbeitung der K¨ oderfange von FS ‘Sonne’-MESEDA
(1977) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammarida). Senckenbergiana
Biol., 61: 429−443.
Anschutz, P. and Blanc, G., 1996. Heat and salt fluxes in the Atlantis II
Deep (Red Sea). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142: 147−159.
Anschutz, P., Blanc, G., Chatin, F., Geiller, M. and Pierret, M.-C.,
1999. Hydrographic changes during 20 years in the brine-filled
basins of the Red Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46: 1779−1792.
Arnone, R., 1994. The temporal and spatial variability of chlorophyll
in the western Mediterranean. In: P.E. La Violette (Editor),
Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Mediterranean Sea.
Coastal and Estuarine Studies, American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, pp. 195–225.
B¨ acker, H. and Schoell, M., 1972. New deeps with brines and
metalliferous sediments in the Red Sea. Nature London Phys.
Sci., 240: 153−158.
Baird, B.H. and White, D.C., 1985. Biomass and community
structure of the abyssal microbiota determined from the esterlinked phospholipids recovered from Venezuela Basin and Puerto
Rico Trench sediments. Mar. Geol., 68: 217−231.
Balss, H., 1915. Expeditionen S.M. Schiff ‘Pola’ in das Rote Meer.
N¨ ordliche und s¨ udliche H¨ alfte 1895/96–1897/98 Zoologische
Ergebnisse XXX. Die Decapoden des Rote Meer I. Die Macruren.
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 9: 1−38.
Barber, P.H., Palumbi, S.R., Erdmann, M.V. and Moosa, M.K., 2000.
A marine Wallace’s line? Nature, 406: 692−693.
Bellaiche, G., Orsolini, P., Petit-Perrin, B., Berthon, J.-L., Ravenne,
C., Coutellier, V., Droz, L., Aloisi, J.-C., Got, H., Mear, Y., Monaco,
A., Auzende, J.-M., Beuzart, P. and Monti, S., 1983. Morphologie
au sea-beam de l’´ eventail sous-marin profond du Rhˆ one (Rhˆ one
deep-sea fan) et de son canyon aff´ erent. C. R. S´ eances Acad. Sci.
Paris II, 296: 579−583.
Bellini-Santini, D., 1990. Mediterranean deep-sea amphipods:
composition, structure and affinities of the fauna. Prog. Oceanogr.,
24: 275−387.
Ben-Tuvia, A., 1983. The Mediterranean Sea B. Biological
aspects. In: B.H. Ketchum (Editor), Estuaries and Enclosed Seas,
Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 26. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 239–
252.
Berger, W.H., 1978. Deep-sea carbonate: pteropod distribution and
the aragonite compensation depth. Deep-Sea Res., 25: 447−452.
Bergquist, D.C., Williams, F.M. and Fisher, C.R., 2000. Longevity
record for deep-sea invertebrate. Nature, 403: 499−500.
Blanc, G. and Anschutz, P., 1995. New stratification in the
hydrothermal brine system of the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea.
Geology, 23: 543−546.
Boetius, A., Scheibe, S., Tselepides, A. and Thiel, H., 1996. Microbial
biomass and activities in deep-sea sediments of the Eastern
Mediterranean: trenches are benthic hotspots. Deep-Sea Res. I,
43: 1439−1460.
Bouchet, P. and Taviani, M., 1992. The Mediterranean deep-sea
fauna: pseudopopulations of Atlantic species? Deep-Sea Res., 39:
169−184.
Bowles, F.A. and Fleischer, P., 1985. Orinoco and Amazon river
sediment input to the eastern Caribbean Sea. Mar. Geol., 68:
53−72.
Braithwaite, C.J.R., 1987. Geology and palaeogeology of the Red
Sea region. In: A.J. Edwards and S.M. Head (Editors), Red Sea.
Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 22−44.
Briggs, K.B., 1985. Deposit feeding by some deep-sea megabenthos
from the Venezuela Basin: selective or non-selective? Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 21: 127−134.
Broecker, W.S., Gerard, R.D., Ewing, M. and Heezen, B.C., 1961.
Geochemistry and physics of ocean circulation. Publ. Am. Assoc.
Adv. Sci. Oceanogr., 67: 301−322.
Brooks, J.M., Cox, H.B., Bryant, W.R., Kennicutt II, M.C., Mann,
R.G. and McDonald, T.J., 1986. Association of gas hydrates and oil
seepages in the Gulf of Mexico. Org. Geochem., 10: 221−234.
Bruneau, L., Jerlov, N.G. and Koczy, F., 1953. Physical and chemical
methods. Rep. Swed. Deep Sea Exped., III (Fasc. II): 99−112.
Bruun, A.F., 1957. General introduction to the report and a list of
deep-sea stations. Galathea Rep., 1: 7−48.
Buat-M´ enard, P., Davies, J., Remoudaki, E., Miquel, J.C.,
Bergametti, G., Lambert, C.E., Ezat, U., Quetel, C., La Rosa, J.
and Fowler, S.W., 1989. Non-steady-state biological removal of
atmospheric particles from Mediterranean surface waters. Nature,
340: 131−134.
Buscail, R., Pocklington, R., Daumas, R. and Guidi, L.D., 1990.
Fluxes and budget of organic matter in the benthic boundary layer
over the northwestern Mediterranean margin. Continental Shelf
Res., 10: 1089−1122.
Carpine, C., 1970. Ecologie de l’´ etage bathyal dans la M´ editerran´ ee.
Mem. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, 2: 1−146.
Carrass´ on, M., Stefanescu, C. and Cartes, J.E., 1992. Diets and
bathymetric distributions of two bathyal sharks of the Catalan deep
sea (western Mediterranean). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 82: 21−30.
Carrass´ on, M., Matallanas, J. and Casadevalli, M., 1997. Feeding
strategies of deep-water morids on the western Mediterranean
slope. Deep-Sea Res. I, 44: 1685−1699.
Cartes, J.E., 1993a. Diets of deep-water pandalid shrimps on the
western Mediterranean slope. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 96: 49−61.
Cartes, J.E., 1993b. Feeding habits of oplophorid shrimps in the deep
western Mediterranean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 73: 193−206.
Cartes, J.E., 1993c. Diets of two deep-sea decapods: Nematocarcinus
Paul A. TYLER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Martin Angel (Southampton Oceanography Centre)
and Andrew Clarke (British Antarctic Survey) are
thanked for their critical reading of the final draft of
this paper and their valuable and insightful comments.
Pauline Simpson (National Oceanographic Library) is
sincerely thanked for flushing out references I was
unable to find and Kate Davies (SOC) for drafting
support. David Goodall is also sincerely thanked for
his support, patience and encouragement during the
preparation of this paper.
REFERENCES
Andersen, V. and Nival, P., 1988. A pelagic ecosystem model
simulating production and sedimentation of biogenic particles:
role of salps and copepods. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 44: 37−50.
Anderson, M.E., Crabtree, R.E., Carter, H.J., Sulak, K.J. and
Richardson, M.D., 1985. Distribution of demersal fishes of the
Caribbean Sea found below 2000 m. Bull. Mar. Sci., 37: 794−807.
Andres, H.G., 1981. Lysianassidae aus dem Abyssal des Roten
Meeres, Bearbeitung der K¨ oderfange von FS ‘Sonne’-MESEDA
(1977) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammarida). Senckenbergiana
Biol., 61: 429−443.
Anschutz, P. and Blanc, G., 1996. Heat and salt fluxes in the Atlantis II
Deep (Red Sea). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142: 147−159.
Anschutz, P., Blanc, G., Chatin, F., Geiller, M. and Pierret, M.-C.,
1999. Hydrographic changes during 20 years in the brine-filled
basins of the Red Sea. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46: 1779−1792.
Arnone, R., 1994. The temporal and spatial variability of chlorophyll
in the western Mediterranean. In: P.E. La Violette (Editor),
Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Mediterranean Sea.
Coastal and Estuarine Studies, American Geophysical Union,
Washington, DC, pp. 195–225.
B¨ acker, H. and Schoell, M., 1972. New deeps with brines and
metalliferous sediments in the Red Sea. Nature London Phys.
Sci., 240: 153−158.
Baird, B.H. and White, D.C., 1985. Biomass and community
structure of the abyssal microbiota determined from the esterlinked phospholipids recovered from Venezuela Basin and Puerto
Rico Trench sediments. Mar. Geol., 68: 217−231.
Balss, H., 1915. Expeditionen S.M. Schiff ‘Pola’ in das Rote Meer.
N¨ ordliche und s¨ udliche H¨ alfte 1895/96–1897/98 Zoologische
Ergebnisse XXX. Die Decapoden des Rote Meer I. Die Macruren.
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 9: 1−38.
Barber, P.H., Palumbi, S.R., Erdmann, M.V. and Moosa, M.K., 2000.
A marine Wallace’s line? Nature, 406: 692−693.
Bellaiche, G., Orsolini, P., Petit-Perrin, B., Berthon, J.-L., Ravenne,
C., Coutellier, V., Droz, L., Aloisi, J.-C., Got, H., Mear, Y., Monaco,
A., Auzende, J.-M., Beuzart, P. and Monti, S., 1983. Morphologie
au sea-beam de l’´ eventail sous-marin profond du Rhˆ one (Rhˆ one
deep-sea fan) et de son canyon aff´ erent. C. R. S´ eances Acad. Sci.
Paris II, 296: 579−583.
Bellini-Santini, D., 1990. Mediterranean deep-sea amphipods:
composition, structure and affinities of the fauna. Prog. Oceanogr.,
24: 275−387.
Ben-Tuvia, A., 1983. The Mediterranean Sea B. Biological
aspects. In: B.H. Ketchum (Editor), Estuaries and Enclosed Seas,
Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 26. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 239–
252.
Berger, W.H., 1978. Deep-sea carbonate: pteropod distribution and
the aragonite compensation depth. Deep-Sea Res., 25: 447−452.
Bergquist, D.C., Williams, F.M. and Fisher, C.R., 2000. Longevity
record for deep-sea invertebrate. Nature, 403: 499−500.
Blanc, G. and Anschutz, P., 1995. New stratification in the
hydrothermal brine system of the Atlantis II Deep, Red Sea.
Geology, 23: 543−546.
Boetius, A., Scheibe, S., Tselepides, A. and Thiel, H., 1996. Microbial
biomass and activities in deep-sea sediments of the Eastern
Mediterranean: trenches are benthic hotspots. Deep-Sea Res. I,
43: 1439−1460.
Bouchet, P. and Taviani, M., 1992. The Mediterranean deep-sea
fauna: pseudopopulations of Atlantic species? Deep-Sea Res., 39:
169−184.
Bowles, F.A. and Fleischer, P., 1985. Orinoco and Amazon river
sediment input to the eastern Caribbean Sea. Mar. Geol., 68:
53−72.
Braithwaite, C.J.R., 1987. Geology and palaeogeology of the Red
Sea region. In: A.J. Edwards and S.M. Head (Editors), Red Sea.
Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 22−44.
Briggs, K.B., 1985. Deposit feeding by some deep-sea megabenthos
from the Venezuela Basin: selective or non-selective? Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 21: 127−134.
Broecker, W.S., Gerard, R.D., Ewing, M. and Heezen, B.C., 1961.
Geochemistry and physics of ocean circulation. Publ. Am. Assoc.
Adv. Sci. Oceanogr., 67: 301−322.
Brooks, J.M., Cox, H.B., Bryant, W.R., Kennicutt II, M.C., Mann,
R.G. and McDonald, T.J., 1986. Association of gas hydrates and oil
seepages in the Gulf of Mexico. Org. Geochem., 10: 221−234.
Bruneau, L., Jerlov, N.G. and Koczy, F., 1953. Physical and chemical
methods. Rep. Swed. Deep Sea Exped., III (Fasc. II): 99−112.
Bruun, A.F., 1957. General introduction to the report and a list of
deep-sea stations. Galathea Rep., 1: 7−48.
Buat-M´ enard, P., Davies, J., Remoudaki, E., Miquel, J.C.,
Bergametti, G., Lambert, C.E., Ezat, U., Quetel, C., La Rosa, J.
and Fowler, S.W., 1989. Non-steady-state biological removal of
atmospheric particles from Mediterranean surface waters. Nature,
340: 131−134.
Buscail, R., Pocklington, R., Daumas, R. and Guidi, L.D., 1990.
Fluxes and budget of organic matter in the benthic boundary layer
over the northwestern Mediterranean margin. Continental Shelf
Res., 10: 1089−1122.
Carpine, C., 1970. Ecologie de l’´ etage bathyal dans la M´ editerran´ ee.
Mem. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, 2: 1−146.
Carrass´ on, M., Stefanescu, C. and Cartes, J.E., 1992. Diets and
bathymetric distributions of two bathyal sharks of the Catalan deep
sea (western Mediterranean). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 82: 21−30.
Carrass´ on, M., Matallanas, J. and Casadevalli, M., 1997. Feeding
strategies of deep-water morids on the western Mediterranean
slope. Deep-Sea Res. I, 44: 1685−1699.
Cartes, J.E., 1993a. Diets of deep-water pandalid shrimps on the
western Mediterranean slope. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 96: 49−61.
Cartes, J.E., 1993b. Feeding habits of oplophorid shrimps in the deep
western Mediterranean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 73: 193−206.
Cartes, J.E., 1993c. Diets of two deep-sea decapods: Nematocarcinus