30
Climatic Geomorphology
-6oo"~'~
~
"
.....
"~
,,o/
. '
-..i-.-.-i i.i.., i ..........
~.~~-~
6o~
.'->91',%
9 " ..
..
"
f
iiiii
i~_~_..._._a~"
--4~ ....
'":..:.:...:-:...... . . . . . . . . . . .
. k ~-, ,, ,~
Z,
..~.m
9
....
'
,
- 20~
~/~~I
~'"
~
.......
-
-;2. ..... ---------__ ......
--_
-
-
- 60 ~
60~
.- 80 ~
'
~ 3000km80~
120~
80 ~
40 ~
Glacial zone (and immediately
adjacent area)
Subpolar zone of excessive
valley-cutting
Taiga valley-cutting zone,
in the permafrost region
Ectropic zone of retarded
valley-cutting
[~
ubtropic zone of mixed relief
development, etesian region
0 o
40 ~
80 ~
120 ~
160OE
Entwurf 9 J.B0del 1974
Subtropic zone of mixed relief
development, monsoonal region
Winter cold arid zone of surface transformation,
largely through pediments and glacis
Warm arid zone of surface preservation
and traditionally continued development,
largely through fluvio-eolian sandplains
Peritropical zone of excessive planation
Innter tropical zone of partial planation
Figure 1.13. Morphoclimatic zones of the present, excluding the high mountains (Btidel, 1977).
to consider the central cores of the suspected zones, because their limits are usually not
well defined. On the other hand, only the low and middle elevation zones are represented,
whereas the high mountains have been misplaced. The establishment of different
morphoclimatic regions is very complex because it is necessary to distinguish a large and
complex set of processes implicated in its formation. It is also sometimes very difficult
to differentiate the modern landforms from the relict ones (from the upper Cretaceous to
the Holocene). If we understand the present active landscapes in each morphoclimatic zone,
we can recognize the relict landforms in other zones. The present active processes operating
in mid-latitude areas are exceptionally weak in their workings, and in these circumstances,
95 per cent of the relief of these regions is constituted by relict landforms (Bidel, 1977).
The most significant features of the main morphoclimatic areas have been collected
from the work of Bidel and from the great review on this author's ideas, carried out by
Kiewietdejonge (1984).
(1) Glacier zone, to which Bidel did not dedicate a special interest. In this zone the
mechanisms operating in landscape development are more easily studied in postglacial regions than in the presently active glacier regions.
Climatic Geomorphology
-6oo"~'~
~
"
.....
"~
,,o/
. '
-..i-.-.-i i.i.., i ..........
~.~~-~
6o~
.'->91',%
9 " ..
..
"
f
iiiii
i~_~_..._._a~"
--4~ ....
'":..:.:...:-:...... . . . . . . . . . . .
. k ~-, ,, ,~
Z,
..~.m
9
....
'
,
- 20~
~/~~I
~'"
~
.......
-
-;2. ..... ---------__ ......
--_
-
-
- 60 ~
60~
.- 80 ~
'
~ 3000km80~
120~
80 ~
40 ~
Glacial zone (and immediately
adjacent area)
Subpolar zone of excessive
valley-cutting
Taiga valley-cutting zone,
in the permafrost region
Ectropic zone of retarded
valley-cutting
[~
ubtropic zone of mixed relief
development, etesian region
0 o
40 ~
80 ~
120 ~
160OE
Entwurf 9 J.B0del 1974
Subtropic zone of mixed relief
development, monsoonal region
Winter cold arid zone of surface transformation,
largely through pediments and glacis
Warm arid zone of surface preservation
and traditionally continued development,
largely through fluvio-eolian sandplains
Peritropical zone of excessive planation
Innter tropical zone of partial planation
Figure 1.13. Morphoclimatic zones of the present, excluding the high mountains (Btidel, 1977).
to consider the central cores of the suspected zones, because their limits are usually not
well defined. On the other hand, only the low and middle elevation zones are represented,
whereas the high mountains have been misplaced. The establishment of different
morphoclimatic regions is very complex because it is necessary to distinguish a large and
complex set of processes implicated in its formation. It is also sometimes very difficult
to differentiate the modern landforms from the relict ones (from the upper Cretaceous to
the Holocene). If we understand the present active landscapes in each morphoclimatic zone,
we can recognize the relict landforms in other zones. The present active processes operating
in mid-latitude areas are exceptionally weak in their workings, and in these circumstances,
95 per cent of the relief of these regions is constituted by relict landforms (Bidel, 1977).
The most significant features of the main morphoclimatic areas have been collected
from the work of Bidel and from the great review on this author's ideas, carried out by
Kiewietdejonge (1984).
(1) Glacier zone, to which Bidel did not dedicate a special interest. In this zone the
mechanisms operating in landscape development are more easily studied in postglacial regions than in the presently active glacier regions.