14
Climatic Geomorphology
DAVIS
~t TIME
3
OF I YOUTH I
MATURITY
I OLD AGE Many times as long as youth and maturity
II
I
I
~/UPLIFT
I
_.
I
.
I
<
I
~No
9
I
/
_i _ ...... tv~u further uplift
I
/Convexo-concave valley side slopes
.~ .......
ALTITUDE of HI
_/ III ' V/DES
/ / Fl OOdpl ai ndevel Opment
/
I
.
peneplain
i~AS~ LEV~Ai
LE~y FLO0~.
~
/ ,~,~"~~"~-~
,
(a)
PENCK ACCORDING TO VON ENGELN
T Waxing I
Uniform
I Waxing development
development I
development
I
I
I
I
I
.,J--- ....
No furthe! uplift
GRAVITY SLOPE 'B(Eschung'
/ :
SHSLOP '.a,o
~/~7
1
.iT/ ...... 7 e '~ ~
~.,_~lberg
ASE LEVEL
,
I
I
!
...
(b)
'Haldenhang'
I
endrumpf
TIME
TIME
endrumpf .
PENCK
~T
Valley deepening to obtain
maximum relief
Concave slopes produced by parallel
/"
I
retreat of 'inclined flats'
.,..
BASE LEVEL
.
(c)
TIME
KING
A
~1
! YOUTH
I
MATURITY
I
OLD AGE9
::)/
I
Incision ceases
.
"
_~/
I
max relief
/
_. .
~J
J
attained 'constant'
convex
,i
..
. pealplaln
.
.
~.
i
,,.%.~<~ ,,o~t~.
No furtheJ stab e s ope
crest
~cra n
I initial surface may
relief and slope decline
/
o,~"~'~r
"--uDlift
! forms produced / /"
~.
I remain to Kate stage
at last stage only
~-~ i~
I
-r
debris sl opel
a~//llel~ ~fin
/r,,~ ,,~" ~,~" ]_ ALTITUDE of IJIIGHI~ST DIVIDES///gd
/ "~'~,~.40Y/f/'~ \ /
\[ / retrea,,~t/r ~("'/
.
!lateral.
par
al form
- 9
~
A
~
~
'V~/pedlmentl
corraslon
retrea~j/'.~.,,.'~'
biconcave
LTI~UDE of MAIN V,~.LLEYs
.
~
.
"'
/
_
[
.......
i-,
.]
~
.
>
(d)
TIME
Figure 1.4. Cyclic models of landscape evolution showing the relationships between elevation and time
for a fixed base-level. Also, schematic slope profile development is shown (Thornes and Brunsden, 1977).
used are very new, and in many cases not only require handmade but also complex
equipment. As pointed out by Hart (1986), in many cases "necessity is the mother of
invention." Process research is often difficult not only because of the complexity of the
instrumentation to be used, but also because of the variety of geomorphic agents working
together, as well as to our incomplete understanding of the working mechanisms of
some process (Baker and Twidale, 199 l). The study of processes also promoted a drastic
Climatic Geomorphology
DAVIS
~t TIME
3
OF I YOUTH I
MATURITY
I OLD AGE Many times as long as youth and maturity
II
I
I
~/UPLIFT
I
_.
I
.
I
<
I
~No
9
I
/
_i _ ...... tv~u further uplift
I
/Convexo-concave valley side slopes
.~ .......
ALTITUDE of HI
_/ III ' V/DES
/ / Fl OOdpl ai ndevel Opment
/
I
.
peneplain
i~AS~ LEV~Ai
LE~y FLO0~.
~
/ ,~,~"~~"~-~
,
(a)
PENCK ACCORDING TO VON ENGELN
T Waxing I
Uniform
I Waxing development
development I
development
I
I
I
I
I
.,J--- ....
No furthe! uplift
GRAVITY SLOPE 'B(Eschung'
/ :
SHSLOP '.a,o
~/~7
1
.iT/ ...... 7 e '~ ~
~.,_~lberg
ASE LEVEL
,
I
I
!
...
(b)
'Haldenhang'
I
endrumpf
TIME
TIME
endrumpf .
PENCK
~T
Valley deepening to obtain
maximum relief
Concave slopes produced by parallel
/"
I
retreat of 'inclined flats'
.,..
BASE LEVEL
.
(c)
TIME
KING
A
~1
! YOUTH
I
MATURITY
I
OLD AGE9
::)/
I
Incision ceases
.
"
_~/
I
max relief
/
_. .
~J
J
attained 'constant'
convex
,i
..
. pealplaln
.
.
~.
i
,,.%.~<~ ,,o~t~.
No furtheJ stab e s ope
crest
~cra n
I initial surface may
relief and slope decline
/
o,~"~'~r
"--uDlift
! forms produced / /"
~.
I remain to Kate stage
at last stage only
~-~ i~
I
-r
debris sl opel
a~//llel~ ~fin
/r,,~ ,,~" ~,~" ]_ ALTITUDE of IJIIGHI~ST DIVIDES///gd
/ "~'~,~.40Y/f/'~ \ /
\[ / retrea,,~t/r ~("'/
.
!lateral.
par
al form
- 9
~
A
~
~
'V~/pedlmentl
corraslon
retrea~j/'.~.,,.'~'
biconcave
LTI~UDE of MAIN V,~.LLEYs
.
~
.
"'
/
_
[
.......
i-,
.]
~
.
>
(d)
TIME
Figure 1.4. Cyclic models of landscape evolution showing the relationships between elevation and time
for a fixed base-level. Also, schematic slope profile development is shown (Thornes and Brunsden, 1977).
used are very new, and in many cases not only require handmade but also complex
equipment. As pointed out by Hart (1986), in many cases "necessity is the mother of
invention." Process research is often difficult not only because of the complexity of the
instrumentation to be used, but also because of the variety of geomorphic agents working
together, as well as to our incomplete understanding of the working mechanisms of
some process (Baker and Twidale, 199 l). The study of processes also promoted a drastic