Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification 163 (2021) 108359
Available online 28 February 2021
0255-2701/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Microwave assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from the starfish
Echinaster sepositus: Optimization by response surface methodology and
comparison with ultrasound and conventional solvent extraction
Bouchra Dahmoune
a,b, c,
*, Fouzia Houma-Bachari
a
, Mohamed Chibane
b
,
Cherifa Akrour-Aissou
a
, Jean-Paul Gu´ egan
c
, Thomas Vives
c
, Philippe J´ ehan
d
,
Farid Dahmoune
e
, Lotfi Mouni
b
, Vincent Ferri` eres
c
, Didier Hauchard
c
a Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems, ´
Ecole Nationale des Sciences de la mer et de l’am´ enagement du littoral ENSSMAL, D´ ely Ibrahim, Alger, 16320, Algeria
b Laboratory for the Management and Valorisation of Natural Resources and Quality Assurance, Akli Mohand Oulhadjuniversity of Bouira, Rue Freres Boussendalah,
Algeria
c Univ Rennes, ´
Ecole Nationale Sup´ erieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226 - Institut Sciences Chimiques Rennes, Rennes, France
d SCANMAT UMS 2001, CRMPO, Universit´ e de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
e Laboratoire de Biomath´ ematique, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientom´ etrie (L3BS), facult´ e des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit´ e de Bejaia, Bejaia, 06000,
Algeria
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Microwave assisted extraction
Saponins
Optimization
Echinaster sepositus
A B S T R A C T
Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was investigated for the extraction of total saponins compounds from the
starfish Echinaster sepositus. In order to achieve optimization of microwave extraction and to determine the influence of each operational variable (the solvent concentration (X1), irradiation time (X2), microwave power
(X3), and liquid-solid ratio (X4)) on the extraction of saponins, response surface methodology (RSM) coupled
with a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied. The optimized experimental conditions were 58.7 % aqueous
methanol as solvent, 177 W as microwave power for 3 min irradiation time at 43.6 mL g
− 1
of liquid-solid ratio.
The extraction yield under these conditions was 60.3 ± 0.6 mg g
− 1
. The optimized MAE was compared with
other methods, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and with conventional solvent extraction (CSE). It was
demonstrated that microwave produced saponins extraction 7.8 times as more as that produced by CSE and 3.3
as more as UAE has produced.
From the in vitro hemolytic tests and electro-generated O 2
• −
quenching tests, we have noted that the microwave
saponins extract was the most active one comparing with both UAE and CSE extracts.
1. Introduction
Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is a green technology which
provides rapid energy transfer and simultaneous heating of the biological material and solvent assembly [1]. These characteristics, improve
the extraction yield, the reduction of extraction time and the quantity of
solvent used [1,2]. These advantages over conventional extraction
techniques make it alternative techniques to extract bioactive natural
products. The MAE was used during the past few years as a strategy to
improve the recovery of the bioactive natural products. In this regard,
the microwave is employed to increase polyphenols, saponins, vegetable
oils yield, etc [2–5].
The marine biotechnology seeks for sustainable ways for utilization
of marine bioresources (flora and fauna) to produce new high addedvalue biomolecules. In this context and to limit the impact of the
extraction processes on the environment, the green extraction could
satisfy the increasing demand for alternative sources of bioactive
compounds.
Actually, different alternative techniques or quantitative methods
are needed, in the case of marine drugs concerning the sampling difficulty and the type of used matrixes often endemic. These particularities
require the adoption of quantitative methods in studies in order to
* Corresponding author at: Bouchra Dahmouneat Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems, ´
Ecole nationale des sciences de la mer et de l’am´ enagement du
littoral ENSSMAL, Campus Universitaire de Dely Ibrahim Bois des Cars, D´ ely Ibrahim, Alger, 16320, Algeria.
E-mail address: bouchra.dahmoune@yahoo.fr (B. Dahmoune).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process
Intensification
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cep
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2021.108359
Received 11 October 2020; Received in revised form 19 February 2021; Accepted 23 February 2021
Available online 28 February 2021
0255-2701/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Microwave assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from the starfish
Echinaster sepositus: Optimization by response surface methodology and
comparison with ultrasound and conventional solvent extraction
Bouchra Dahmoune
a,b, c,
*, Fouzia Houma-Bachari
a
, Mohamed Chibane
b
,
Cherifa Akrour-Aissou
a
, Jean-Paul Gu´ egan
c
, Thomas Vives
c
, Philippe J´ ehan
d
,
Farid Dahmoune
e
, Lotfi Mouni
b
, Vincent Ferri` eres
c
, Didier Hauchard
c
a Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems, ´
Ecole Nationale des Sciences de la mer et de l’am´ enagement du littoral ENSSMAL, D´ ely Ibrahim, Alger, 16320, Algeria
b Laboratory for the Management and Valorisation of Natural Resources and Quality Assurance, Akli Mohand Oulhadjuniversity of Bouira, Rue Freres Boussendalah,
Algeria
c Univ Rennes, ´
Ecole Nationale Sup´ erieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226 - Institut Sciences Chimiques Rennes, Rennes, France
d SCANMAT UMS 2001, CRMPO, Universit´ e de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
e Laboratoire de Biomath´ ematique, Biophysique, Biochimie, et Scientom´ etrie (L3BS), facult´ e des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit´ e de Bejaia, Bejaia, 06000,
Algeria
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Microwave assisted extraction
Saponins
Optimization
Echinaster sepositus
A B S T R A C T
Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) was investigated for the extraction of total saponins compounds from the
starfish Echinaster sepositus. In order to achieve optimization of microwave extraction and to determine the influence of each operational variable (the solvent concentration (X1), irradiation time (X2), microwave power
(X3), and liquid-solid ratio (X4)) on the extraction of saponins, response surface methodology (RSM) coupled
with a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied. The optimized experimental conditions were 58.7 % aqueous
methanol as solvent, 177 W as microwave power for 3 min irradiation time at 43.6 mL g
− 1
of liquid-solid ratio.
The extraction yield under these conditions was 60.3 ± 0.6 mg g
− 1
. The optimized MAE was compared with
other methods, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and with conventional solvent extraction (CSE). It was
demonstrated that microwave produced saponins extraction 7.8 times as more as that produced by CSE and 3.3
as more as UAE has produced.
From the in vitro hemolytic tests and electro-generated O 2
• −
quenching tests, we have noted that the microwave
saponins extract was the most active one comparing with both UAE and CSE extracts.
1. Introduction
Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) is a green technology which
provides rapid energy transfer and simultaneous heating of the biological material and solvent assembly [1]. These characteristics, improve
the extraction yield, the reduction of extraction time and the quantity of
solvent used [1,2]. These advantages over conventional extraction
techniques make it alternative techniques to extract bioactive natural
products. The MAE was used during the past few years as a strategy to
improve the recovery of the bioactive natural products. In this regard,
the microwave is employed to increase polyphenols, saponins, vegetable
oils yield, etc [2–5].
The marine biotechnology seeks for sustainable ways for utilization
of marine bioresources (flora and fauna) to produce new high addedvalue biomolecules. In this context and to limit the impact of the
extraction processes on the environment, the green extraction could
satisfy the increasing demand for alternative sources of bioactive
compounds.
Actually, different alternative techniques or quantitative methods
are needed, in the case of marine drugs concerning the sampling difficulty and the type of used matrixes often endemic. These particularities
require the adoption of quantitative methods in studies in order to
* Corresponding author at: Bouchra Dahmouneat Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems, ´
Ecole nationale des sciences de la mer et de l’am´ enagement du
littoral ENSSMAL, Campus Universitaire de Dely Ibrahim Bois des Cars, D´ ely Ibrahim, Alger, 16320, Algeria.
E-mail address: bouchra.dahmoune@yahoo.fr (B. Dahmoune).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process
Intensification
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cep
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2021.108359
Received 11 October 2020; Received in revised form 19 February 2021; Accepted 23 February 2021