8.8 (a) e
−(E 2 −E 1 )/k B T
= e
−(5×10
−27 J/(1.38×10
−23 J K
−1 )(298 K)
= e
−1.2×10
−6 ≈ 0.9999
(b) e
−(E 2 −E 1 )/k B T
= e
−(5×10
−27 J/(1.38×10
−23 J K
−1 )(4 K)
= e
−9×10
−5 ≈ 0.999
8.9
= 2.4
8.10 This simple equation represents the foundation for his scientific career.
8.11 (a) With only one configuration, ln 1 = 0 so S = 0; (b) with two
configurations, ln 2 = 0.69 and S = 0.7k B ; (c) with 10 configurations
ln 10 = 2.3 and S = 2.3k B .
8.12 The proteins can fold into intermediate states that lead to the final
folded state and additional proteins can assist in the folding process.
8.13 A profile of the different energies for a protein in different configurations. The energy is minimal at the true, folded state although some
proteins may have closely lying states.
8.14 In many cases, proteins immediately form elements of secondary
structures, and the presence of the secondary structural elements
contributes to folding of the overall protein into the proper state.
8.15
8.16 Prion-based disease represented a new mechanism that was independent of other infectious diseases.
8.17 The formation of β sheets extended over multiple copies of prions
provides a mechanism for aggregate formation.
8.18 Most treatments are based upon attacking invading agents such
as bacteria. Such treatments are not effective towards stopping the
misfolding of a protein.
CHAPTER 9
9.1 (a)
(b)
(c) 9
.
( .
)( .
=
=
×
×
−
−
h
m e λ
6 6 10
9 1 10
10
34
31
Js
kg
0 0 10
7 3 10
10
5
1
)
.
×
=
×
−
−
m
m s
9
.
( .
)( .
=
=
×
×
−
−
h
m e λ
6 6 10
9 1 10
1 0
34
31
Js
kg
)
.
×
=
×
−
−
10
7 3 10
10
6
1
m
m s
9
.
( .
)( .
=
=
×
×
−
−
h
m e λ
6 6 10
9 1 10
2 0
34
31
Js
kg
)
.
×
=
×
−
−
10
3 6 10
10
6
1
m
m s
N
N
e
e
conformation
conformation
E RT
1
2
/
=
=
−
−
Δ
( (
) / ( .
) (
)
.
2 10
8 31
298
0 81
3
1
×
−
−
=
J mol
J/(Kmol
K
e
.
= 0 45
q
e
.
.
= −
=
−
1
1
1 10
2 4
q
e
h
k T
h k T
B
B
( .
)(
/
= −
=
×
−
−
1
1
6 626 10
34
ν
ν
Js 5 500
3 0 10
1 38 10
1
1 0
1
23
1
cm
cm s
J K
−
−
−
−
×
×
)( .
)
( .
) )(
)
298 K
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
453
9781405124362_5_end.qxd 4/29/08 9:17 Page 453
−(E 2 −E 1 )/k B T
= e
−(5×10
−27 J/(1.38×10
−23 J K
−1 )(298 K)
= e
−1.2×10
−6 ≈ 0.9999
(b) e
−(E 2 −E 1 )/k B T
= e
−(5×10
−27 J/(1.38×10
−23 J K
−1 )(4 K)
= e
−9×10
−5 ≈ 0.999
8.9
= 2.4
8.10 This simple equation represents the foundation for his scientific career.
8.11 (a) With only one configuration, ln 1 = 0 so S = 0; (b) with two
configurations, ln 2 = 0.69 and S = 0.7k B ; (c) with 10 configurations
ln 10 = 2.3 and S = 2.3k B .
8.12 The proteins can fold into intermediate states that lead to the final
folded state and additional proteins can assist in the folding process.
8.13 A profile of the different energies for a protein in different configurations. The energy is minimal at the true, folded state although some
proteins may have closely lying states.
8.14 In many cases, proteins immediately form elements of secondary
structures, and the presence of the secondary structural elements
contributes to folding of the overall protein into the proper state.
8.15
8.16 Prion-based disease represented a new mechanism that was independent of other infectious diseases.
8.17 The formation of β sheets extended over multiple copies of prions
provides a mechanism for aggregate formation.
8.18 Most treatments are based upon attacking invading agents such
as bacteria. Such treatments are not effective towards stopping the
misfolding of a protein.
CHAPTER 9
9.1 (a)
(b)
(c) 9
.
( .
)( .
=
=
×
×
−
−
h
m e λ
6 6 10
9 1 10
10
34
31
Js
kg
0 0 10
7 3 10
10
5
1
)
.
×
=
×
−
−
m
m s
9
.
( .
)( .
=
=
×
×
−
−
h
m e λ
6 6 10
9 1 10
1 0
34
31
Js
kg
)
.
×
=
×
−
−
10
7 3 10
10
6
1
m
m s
9
.
( .
)( .
=
=
×
×
−
−
h
m e λ
6 6 10
9 1 10
2 0
34
31
Js
kg
)
.
×
=
×
−
−
10
3 6 10
10
6
1
m
m s
N
N
e
e
conformation
conformation
E RT
1
2
/
=
=
−
−
Δ
( (
) / ( .
) (
)
.
2 10
8 31
298
0 81
3
1
×
−
−
=
J mol
J/(Kmol
K
e
.
= 0 45
q
e
.
.
= −
=
−
1
1
1 10
2 4
q
e
h
k T
h k T
B
B
( .
)(
/
= −
=
×
−
−
1
1
6 626 10
34
ν
ν
Js 5 500
3 0 10
1 38 10
1
1 0
1
23
1
cm
cm s
J K
−
−
−
−
×
×
)( .
)
( .
) )(
)
298 K
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
453
9781405124362_5_end.qxd 4/29/08 9:17 Page 453