4.13
4.14 The ratio of γ/ρ must be twice as large for the red liquid.
4.15 The detergent starts forming micelles and so the addition of detergent
no longer disrupts the interaction of water molecules.
4.16 The enthalpy change is zero.
4.17 The Gibbs energy of mixing has a minimum when both the reactant
and product are present.
4.18 The enthalpy of mixing is positive.
4.19 The entropy change is negative.
4.20 The change in buffer concentration is given by the ratio of solutions:
(a) Final buffer concentration
= initial buffer concentration
=
(b) Final buffer concentration
= initial buffer concentration
4.21 Initially, the formation of a large aggregate is unfavorable, but once
a certain size is created then the attachment of additional proteins
is favorable.
4.22 A change in only the protein concentration corresponds to a vertical
line.
4.23 The total entropy change is positive.
CHAPTER 5
5.1 The energy is at a minimum.
5.2 The change in the Gibbs energy will be negative for a spontaneous
process.
5.3 The energy is at a minimum.
5.4 There is a relatively large entropic component compared to the
enthalpic component.
=
=
.
.
0 1
10
1000
0 001
M
ml
ml
M
sample volume
reservoir volume
=
.
.
0 1
10
100
0 01
M
ml
ml
M
sample volume
reservoir volume
h
gr
( .
)
(
.
)( .
=
=
−
−
2
2 72 75
997 1
9 81
1
3
γ
ρ
mN m
kg m
m s s
m
mm
−
−
×
=
2
3
2 10
7 3
)(
)
.
446
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
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