Examples of protein structures
335
Research direction: nitrogenase
336
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
339
References
342
Problems
342
16 Magnetic resonance
344
NMR
344
Chemical shifts
347
Spin–spin interactions
348
Pulse techniques
349
Two-dimensional NMR: nuclear Overhauser effect
351
NMR spectra of amino acids
352
Research direction: development of new NMR techniques
352
Determination of macromolecular structures
357
Research direction: spinal muscular atrophy
357
MRI
360
Electron spin resonance
362
Hyperfine structure
365
Electron nuclear double resonance
365
Spin probes
366
Research direction: heme proteins
367
Research direction: ribonucleotide reductase
369
References and further reading
370
Problems
371
Part 3: Understanding biological systems using physical chemistry
373
17 Signal transduction
375
Biochemical pathway for visual response
375
Spectroscopic studies of rhodopsin
377
Bacteriorhodopsin
378
Structural studies
380
Comparison of rhodopsins from different organisms
384
Rhodopsin proteins in visual response
387
References and further reading
387
Problems
388
18 Membrane potentials, transporters, and channels
390
Membrane potentials
390
Energetics of transport across membranes
391
Transporters
394
Ion channels
397
References and further reading
402
Problems
403
CONTENTS
xiii
9781405124362_1_pre.qxd 4/29/08 9:06 Page xiii