348
15.
COSMIC RAYS
the average are obviously greater; ie, the spread of the Maxwellian distribution curve about the average is greater.
Statistical
laws may be applied to compute the weight of the individual rain
drops and the hailstones and also the total number of each.
An analysis of this type has been made for cosmic rays.10
Figure 15—7 shows a Geiger-Müller tube, as used in cosmic
ray
studies.
It is surrounded with a heavy lead sheath to eliminate
a
majority of the local radiations. When a cosmic ray particle
__
'
.
.
mechanical
.
W
“”"…“ I.
counter
V
.
.
FIG. 15-7.
A Geiger-Müller counter tube apparatus for cosmic ray studies,
passes through the gas in the tube, the ions which are created
_
initiate an electrical discharge from the battery (V) through the
resistance (R). The IR drop in the resistance quickly lowers the
voltage across the counter tube and the discharge ceases. The
sudden potential drop which appears across the“ resistance for each
cosmic ray particle is then amplied and used to operate a counting
_
mechanism.
The number of counts per unit of time is found to
_
agree with the number deduced from the variations in the ionization chamber currents.
In addition, Regener has measured the
absorption of cosmic rays in both water and lead by means"of
counter tubes and found agreement with the chamber method.
_
It is to be concluded that the same phenomenon, a granular
radiation, is responsible for both the chamber and the counter
'
tube observations.
15—6.
Coincidence CounterS.—The ends of two counter tubes
are indicated by the Solid circles and central dots in gure 15—8.
,
Iron and lead shields surround the tubes in order to exclude local
radiations.
The ionization current produced in each tube by a
'
penetrating radiation is amplied in the usual manner and then ]
sent into a'common circuit. The latter is so arranged that the
counter—meter Will only operate when the two tubes ate ionized
'
‘
simultaneously, or in practice, within a small fraction of a second of '
_
each other, say
second,
_
..
,
' _
Ü Triple coincidence Counters may also be arranged so that
_
'
15.
COSMIC RAYS
the average are obviously greater; ie, the spread of the Maxwellian distribution curve about the average is greater.
Statistical
laws may be applied to compute the weight of the individual rain
drops and the hailstones and also the total number of each.
An analysis of this type has been made for cosmic rays.10
Figure 15—7 shows a Geiger-Müller tube, as used in cosmic
ray
studies.
It is surrounded with a heavy lead sheath to eliminate
a
majority of the local radiations. When a cosmic ray particle
__
'
.
.
mechanical
.
W
“”"…“ I.
counter
V
.
.
FIG. 15-7.
A Geiger-Müller counter tube apparatus for cosmic ray studies,
passes through the gas in the tube, the ions which are created
_
initiate an electrical discharge from the battery (V) through the
resistance (R). The IR drop in the resistance quickly lowers the
voltage across the counter tube and the discharge ceases. The
sudden potential drop which appears across the“ resistance for each
cosmic ray particle is then amplied and used to operate a counting
_
mechanism.
The number of counts per unit of time is found to
_
agree with the number deduced from the variations in the ionization chamber currents.
In addition, Regener has measured the
absorption of cosmic rays in both water and lead by means"of
counter tubes and found agreement with the chamber method.
_
It is to be concluded that the same phenomenon, a granular
radiation, is responsible for both the chamber and the counter
'
tube observations.
15—6.
Coincidence CounterS.—The ends of two counter tubes
are indicated by the Solid circles and central dots in gure 15—8.
,
Iron and lead shields surround the tubes in order to exclude local
radiations.
The ionization current produced in each tube by a
'
penetrating radiation is amplied in the usual manner and then ]
sent into a'common circuit. The latter is so arranged that the
counter—meter Will only operate when the two tubes ate ionized
'
‘
simultaneously, or in practice, within a small fraction of a second of '
_
each other, say
second,
_
..
,
' _
Ü Triple coincidence Counters may also be arranged so that
_
'