33
3 Effects of Eutrophication
antiqua, C. marina, C. ovata and Heterosigma akashiwo,
and the Dinophyceae Karenia mikimotoi and Cochlodinium
polykrikoides (Imai et al. 2006).
The effect of HABs on living resources has been documented in several coastal and marine habitats, where different toxic species led to detrimental effect on the fishing
resources and caused mass mortality of variable aquatic
animals resulting in great economic loss, mainly in Japan
(Table 3.1).
In addition, the Greek coastal waters were exposed to
various algal blooms, mainly by toxic dinoflagellate species, which caused water discoloration, undesirable esthetic
symptoms and anoxic harmful conditions to the ecosystem,
and finfish mortality events (Table 3.2).
Furthermore, numerous events of toxic algal blooms have
been frequently reported in recent years in different parts of
the world in coastal waters by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (http://www.unesco.org/
ioc/news/newslet/ htm). These events include toxic blooms
of the diatom Pseudonitzschia australis in California coastal
waters; Pseudonitzschia pungens in estuaries of Prince Edward Island, Canada; multiple species of dinoflagellates in
Hong Kong and south China; brown tide species in Saldanha
Bay and Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa; the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium mikimotoi in Wellington Harbor, New
Zealand; Alexandrium tamarensis in Brazil, Uruguay, and
Argentina; red tides along the Salalah coast of Oman; Pyrodinium in Acapulco, Mexico; Alexandrium spp. in Alexandria Harbor, Egypt; Gymnodinium breve in south Florida;
Gymnodinium catenata along the Atlantic coast of Morocco;
Dinophysis in Loch Long, Scotland; Alexandrium minuta
in the Bay of Izmir, Turkey; Dinophysis along the northeast
coast of Kamchatka, Russia; Pyrodinium bahamens in the
Philippines; and Gymnodinium nakasagiense in southwestern India (Cloern 2001).
The HABs not only cause mortality of marine animals but
they also impact different life activities of these animals, as
they can negatively impact the growth and reproduction of invertebrates. For example, brown tides caused by the chrysophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens impaired reproduction
of the copepod Acartia tonsa in Laguna Madre, USA (Cloern
2001), cyanobacteria blooms caused strong reduction in copepod egg production in the Baltic Sea (Sellner et al. 1996),
blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense caused a marked drop in scallop standing crop ( Pecten maximus) in the Bay of Brest (Cloern 2001). Furthermore,
accumulation of organic matter derived from mass sedimentation of the diatoms Rhizosolenia delicatula and Chaetoceros sociale caused small depressions in its growth of scallop
(Chauvaud et al. 2000), while some diatoms species excrete
aldehydes which inhibit growth of some invertebrates such as
copepods and urchin (Miralto et al. 1999).
3.4.1 Effect on Benthic Life
Eutrophication has been reported as an increasing ecological
threat to benthic life in numerous coastal areas, mainly because of the resulting hypoxia and/or anoxia conditions with
Species
Year
Area
Loss
Type of loss
Reference
Chattonellaantiqua
1972
Seto Inland Sea Fish
US$ 60 × 10
6
Imai et al. 2006
Chattonellaantiqua
1979–
2004
Seto Inland Sea Fish
100 × 10 6 Yen Imai et al. 2006
Heterocapsacircularisquama 1998
Seto Inland Sea Oysters 3.9 × 10
9 Yen
Imai et al. 2006
Gonyaulaxpolygramma
1994
Seto Inland Sea Fishery 80 × 10 6 Yen
Koizumi et al. 1996
C. polykrikoides
2000
Yatsushiro Sea
Fishery 4 × 10 9 Yen
Yoon 2001
C. polykrikoides
1995
Korean coastal
waters
Fishery 76.4 × 10 9 won Kim et al. 2002
Table 3.1 Fishery loss
owing to impact of harmful
algal blooms (HABs) of some
toxic algal species in different
marine habitats
Table 3.2 Water discoloration and finfish mortality events in different Greek waters owing to HABs
Toxic species
Year
Area
Type of loss
Reference
Alexandriumminutum
Noctilucascintillans
2000–2004
Thermakos Gulf
Water discoloration
Nikolaidis et al. 2005
Chatonellaglobosa
2000–2004
Thermakos Gulf
Water discoloration
Nikolaidis et al. 2005
Dinophysis acuminate
2000–2004
Thermakos Gulf
Shellfish death
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
C. globosa
2001–2003
Thermakos Gulf
Water discoloration
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
Kareniabrevis
1977–1978
Saronikos Gulf
Fish kill
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
Phaeocystispouchetii
1989, 1993
Saronikos Gulf
Water discoloration
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
Phaeocystispouchetii
1999
Evoikos Gulf
Mucilage problems
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
C. veruculosa
1999
Amvrakikos Gulf
Finfish mortality
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
3 Effects of Eutrophication
antiqua, C. marina, C. ovata and Heterosigma akashiwo,
and the Dinophyceae Karenia mikimotoi and Cochlodinium
polykrikoides (Imai et al. 2006).
The effect of HABs on living resources has been documented in several coastal and marine habitats, where different toxic species led to detrimental effect on the fishing
resources and caused mass mortality of variable aquatic
animals resulting in great economic loss, mainly in Japan
(Table 3.1).
In addition, the Greek coastal waters were exposed to
various algal blooms, mainly by toxic dinoflagellate species, which caused water discoloration, undesirable esthetic
symptoms and anoxic harmful conditions to the ecosystem,
and finfish mortality events (Table 3.2).
Furthermore, numerous events of toxic algal blooms have
been frequently reported in recent years in different parts of
the world in coastal waters by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (http://www.unesco.org/
ioc/news/newslet/ htm). These events include toxic blooms
of the diatom Pseudonitzschia australis in California coastal
waters; Pseudonitzschia pungens in estuaries of Prince Edward Island, Canada; multiple species of dinoflagellates in
Hong Kong and south China; brown tide species in Saldanha
Bay and Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa; the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium mikimotoi in Wellington Harbor, New
Zealand; Alexandrium tamarensis in Brazil, Uruguay, and
Argentina; red tides along the Salalah coast of Oman; Pyrodinium in Acapulco, Mexico; Alexandrium spp. in Alexandria Harbor, Egypt; Gymnodinium breve in south Florida;
Gymnodinium catenata along the Atlantic coast of Morocco;
Dinophysis in Loch Long, Scotland; Alexandrium minuta
in the Bay of Izmir, Turkey; Dinophysis along the northeast
coast of Kamchatka, Russia; Pyrodinium bahamens in the
Philippines; and Gymnodinium nakasagiense in southwestern India (Cloern 2001).
The HABs not only cause mortality of marine animals but
they also impact different life activities of these animals, as
they can negatively impact the growth and reproduction of invertebrates. For example, brown tides caused by the chrysophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens impaired reproduction
of the copepod Acartia tonsa in Laguna Madre, USA (Cloern
2001), cyanobacteria blooms caused strong reduction in copepod egg production in the Baltic Sea (Sellner et al. 1996),
blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense caused a marked drop in scallop standing crop ( Pecten maximus) in the Bay of Brest (Cloern 2001). Furthermore,
accumulation of organic matter derived from mass sedimentation of the diatoms Rhizosolenia delicatula and Chaetoceros sociale caused small depressions in its growth of scallop
(Chauvaud et al. 2000), while some diatoms species excrete
aldehydes which inhibit growth of some invertebrates such as
copepods and urchin (Miralto et al. 1999).
3.4.1 Effect on Benthic Life
Eutrophication has been reported as an increasing ecological
threat to benthic life in numerous coastal areas, mainly because of the resulting hypoxia and/or anoxia conditions with
Species
Year
Area
Loss
Type of loss
Reference
Chattonellaantiqua
1972
Seto Inland Sea Fish
US$ 60 × 10
6
Imai et al. 2006
Chattonellaantiqua
1979–
2004
Seto Inland Sea Fish
100 × 10 6 Yen Imai et al. 2006
Heterocapsacircularisquama 1998
Seto Inland Sea Oysters 3.9 × 10
9 Yen
Imai et al. 2006
Gonyaulaxpolygramma
1994
Seto Inland Sea Fishery 80 × 10 6 Yen
Koizumi et al. 1996
C. polykrikoides
2000
Yatsushiro Sea
Fishery 4 × 10 9 Yen
Yoon 2001
C. polykrikoides
1995
Korean coastal
waters
Fishery 76.4 × 10 9 won Kim et al. 2002
Table 3.1 Fishery loss
owing to impact of harmful
algal blooms (HABs) of some
toxic algal species in different
marine habitats
Table 3.2 Water discoloration and finfish mortality events in different Greek waters owing to HABs
Toxic species
Year
Area
Type of loss
Reference
Alexandriumminutum
Noctilucascintillans
2000–2004
Thermakos Gulf
Water discoloration
Nikolaidis et al. 2005
Chatonellaglobosa
2000–2004
Thermakos Gulf
Water discoloration
Nikolaidis et al. 2005
Dinophysis acuminate
2000–2004
Thermakos Gulf
Shellfish death
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
C. globosa
2001–2003
Thermakos Gulf
Water discoloration
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
Kareniabrevis
1977–1978
Saronikos Gulf
Fish kill
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
Phaeocystispouchetii
1989, 1993
Saronikos Gulf
Water discoloration
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
Phaeocystispouchetii
1999
Evoikos Gulf
Mucilage problems
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010
C. veruculosa
1999
Amvrakikos Gulf
Finfish mortality
Ignatiades and Skretas 2010