26
F. A. Khan et al.
(Temponeras et al. 2000). Consistent and rapid reduction in
size and depth of the pond was recorded from January 2004
to April 2004 which finally dried in May 2004. Despite sufficient precipitation in the month of January, the water body
could not be charged with rain water from its catchments
owing to anthropogenic reasons (development of weirs
around the pond). Therefore, the size of this rainfed water
body continued to decrease with rise in temperature and
wind speed from January to April 2004. Consistent reduction in the size of water body, increase in temperature, wind
speed, irradiance and failure in water recharging may have
also increased turbidity, pH, nutrient and water temperature.
These factors may not have been conducive for the growth
of duckweeds in these months (January to April). Past studies have revealed that bio-physico-chemical factors and seasonal dynamics influenced the flora of water bodies (Wulff
1980, Friligos 1989, Christensen et al. 1990, Talling 1992,
Koening et al. 1995, Nogueira et al. 1997, Havens et al.
1999, Kirschner et al. 1999, Weilguni and Humpesch 1999,
Temponeras et al. 2000, Dodds-Walter et al. 2002, Artioli
et al. 2005, Khan and Ansari 2005, Ansari et al. 2011a, b
and c). Therefore, anthropogenic alteration and climate influence the physico–chemical property of water and flora of
the water body leading it to eutrophy.
2.7 Conclusion
The fresh water lakes and ponds in many Indian cities are
source of fresh water for various purposes. The surface
water bodies recharge the underground water resource. The
nutrient enrichment of surface water bodies and formation
of weirs inhibiting the water recharging may onset an early
natural succession. The collection of rain water in such water
bodies must be an essential part of city planning and water
management.
Acknowledgement Authors acknowledge Chairman, Department of
Botany Aligarh Muslim University for laboratory facilities, and funding agencies for financial assistance; Chairman, Department of Physics,
AMU for providing meteorological data; FR, AM and MI acknowledge
fellowship from UGC.
References
Aizak M, Otsuki A, Kawai T (1986) Relationship between loading and
phytoplankton standing crop in outdoor experimental ponds with
continuous flow systems. Water Res 20:859–864
An KG (2003) Spatial and temporal variabilities of nutrient limitation
based on its in-situ experiments of nutrient enrichment bioassay. J
Environ Sci Health. A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Engg 38:876–882
An KG, Park SS, Ahn KY, Urchin CG (2003) Dynamics of nitrogen,
phosphorus, algal biomass, and suspended solids in an artificial lentic ecosystem and significant implications of regional hydrology on
trophic status. J Environ Biol 24:29–38
Anonymous (1998) Economic survey of India. 1997–98
Anonymous (2002) Handbook of Agriculture 2002. ICAR New Delhi
India
Ansari AA, Khan FA (2008) Remediation of eutrophic water using
Lemna minor in a controlled environment. Afr J Aquat Sci 33:275–
278
Ansari AA, Khan FA (2009) Remediation of eutrophic water using
Spirodelapolyrhiza L. Shield in controlled environment. Pan Am J
AquatSci 4:52–54
Artioli Y, Bendoricchio G, Palmeri L (2005) Defining and modeling the
coastal zone affected by the Po river (Italy). Eco Model 184:55–68
Ansari AA, Singh S, Lanza GR, Rast W (2011a) (eds.) Eutrophication:
causes, consequences and control. Springer The Netherlands pp 394
Ansari AA, Singh S, Khan FA (2011b) Eutrophication: threat to aquatic
ecosystems in:Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control
Ansari A.A, Singh S, Lanza, G.R, Rast W (Eds.) (2011):143–170
Ansari AA, Singh S, Khan FA, Varshney J (2011c) Aquatic Plant
Diversity in Eutrophic Ecosystems. Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control Ansari A.A, Singh S, Lanza, G.R, Rast W
(Eds.) (2011):247–263
Beeton AM (2002) Large freshwater lakes: present status, trends and
future. Environ Conserv 29:21–38
Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN,
Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8:559–568
Chen L, Fu B, Zhang S, Qiu J, Guo X, Yang F (2002) A comparative
study on nitrogen concentration dynamics in surface water in a heterogenous landscape. Environ Geol 42:424–432
Cheng J, Landesman L, Bergmann BA, Classen JJ, Howard JW, Yamamoto YT (2002) Nutrient removal from swine lagoon liquid by
Lemna minor 8627. Transac ASAE 45:1003–1010
Christensen PB, Nielsen LP, Sorensen J, Rersbech NP (1990) Denitrification in nitrate rich streams diurnal and seasonal variation
related to benthic oxygen metabolism. Limnol and. Oceanography
35:640–651
Corell DL (1999) Phosphorus: arate limiting nutrient in surface waters.
PollutSci 78:674–682
Daniel TC, Sharpley AN, Lemunyon JL (1998) Agricultural phosphorus and eutrophication(November 1996). a symposium overview. J
Environ Qual 27:251–257
Djodjic F, Bergstrom L (2005) Phosphorus losses from arable fields
in Sweden: effects of field specific factors and long-term trends.
Environ Monit Assess 102:103–117
Dodds-Walter K, Smith VH, Lohman K (2002) Nitrogen and phosphorus relationships to benthic algal biomass in temperate streams.
Cand J Fish AqSci 59:865–874
Ebise S (1998) Characteristics in changes in distribution and size composition of particulate matter in lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Jap J
Limnol 48:85–98
Emir N, Demirsoy A (1996) Seasonal variation of the zooplanktonic
organisms of Karamuk Lake. Turk J Zool 20:137–144
Fixen PE, West FB (2002) Nitrogen fertilizer: meeting contemporary
challenges. Ambio 31:169–176
Friligos N (1989) Nutrients status in eutrophic Mediterranean lagoon.
Vie-et-Milieu 39:63–70
Gorniak A, Piekarski K (2002) Seasonal and multiannual changes
of water levels in lakes of northeastern Poland. Pol J Environ St
11:349–354
Hammer MJ (1986) Water and wastewater technology. Wiley, New
Yorkp 536
Hargreaves JA (1998) Nitrogen biochemistry of aquaculture ponds.
Aquaculture 166:181–212
Hashmi F (2006) Studies on seasonal dynamics of selected aquatic
Flora leading to eutrophication in response to nutrients of agroecosystem. PhD thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, UP
Havens KE, Carrick HJ, Lowe EF, Coveney MF (1999) Contrasting
relationships between nutrients, chlorophyll a and Secchi trans-
F. A. Khan et al.
(Temponeras et al. 2000). Consistent and rapid reduction in
size and depth of the pond was recorded from January 2004
to April 2004 which finally dried in May 2004. Despite sufficient precipitation in the month of January, the water body
could not be charged with rain water from its catchments
owing to anthropogenic reasons (development of weirs
around the pond). Therefore, the size of this rainfed water
body continued to decrease with rise in temperature and
wind speed from January to April 2004. Consistent reduction in the size of water body, increase in temperature, wind
speed, irradiance and failure in water recharging may have
also increased turbidity, pH, nutrient and water temperature.
These factors may not have been conducive for the growth
of duckweeds in these months (January to April). Past studies have revealed that bio-physico-chemical factors and seasonal dynamics influenced the flora of water bodies (Wulff
1980, Friligos 1989, Christensen et al. 1990, Talling 1992,
Koening et al. 1995, Nogueira et al. 1997, Havens et al.
1999, Kirschner et al. 1999, Weilguni and Humpesch 1999,
Temponeras et al. 2000, Dodds-Walter et al. 2002, Artioli
et al. 2005, Khan and Ansari 2005, Ansari et al. 2011a, b
and c). Therefore, anthropogenic alteration and climate influence the physico–chemical property of water and flora of
the water body leading it to eutrophy.
2.7 Conclusion
The fresh water lakes and ponds in many Indian cities are
source of fresh water for various purposes. The surface
water bodies recharge the underground water resource. The
nutrient enrichment of surface water bodies and formation
of weirs inhibiting the water recharging may onset an early
natural succession. The collection of rain water in such water
bodies must be an essential part of city planning and water
management.
Acknowledgement Authors acknowledge Chairman, Department of
Botany Aligarh Muslim University for laboratory facilities, and funding agencies for financial assistance; Chairman, Department of Physics,
AMU for providing meteorological data; FR, AM and MI acknowledge
fellowship from UGC.
References
Aizak M, Otsuki A, Kawai T (1986) Relationship between loading and
phytoplankton standing crop in outdoor experimental ponds with
continuous flow systems. Water Res 20:859–864
An KG (2003) Spatial and temporal variabilities of nutrient limitation
based on its in-situ experiments of nutrient enrichment bioassay. J
Environ Sci Health. A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Engg 38:876–882
An KG, Park SS, Ahn KY, Urchin CG (2003) Dynamics of nitrogen,
phosphorus, algal biomass, and suspended solids in an artificial lentic ecosystem and significant implications of regional hydrology on
trophic status. J Environ Biol 24:29–38
Anonymous (1998) Economic survey of India. 1997–98
Anonymous (2002) Handbook of Agriculture 2002. ICAR New Delhi
India
Ansari AA, Khan FA (2008) Remediation of eutrophic water using
Lemna minor in a controlled environment. Afr J Aquat Sci 33:275–
278
Ansari AA, Khan FA (2009) Remediation of eutrophic water using
Spirodelapolyrhiza L. Shield in controlled environment. Pan Am J
AquatSci 4:52–54
Artioli Y, Bendoricchio G, Palmeri L (2005) Defining and modeling the
coastal zone affected by the Po river (Italy). Eco Model 184:55–68
Ansari AA, Singh S, Lanza GR, Rast W (2011a) (eds.) Eutrophication:
causes, consequences and control. Springer The Netherlands pp 394
Ansari AA, Singh S, Khan FA (2011b) Eutrophication: threat to aquatic
ecosystems in:Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control
Ansari A.A, Singh S, Lanza, G.R, Rast W (Eds.) (2011):143–170
Ansari AA, Singh S, Khan FA, Varshney J (2011c) Aquatic Plant
Diversity in Eutrophic Ecosystems. Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control Ansari A.A, Singh S, Lanza, G.R, Rast W
(Eds.) (2011):247–263
Beeton AM (2002) Large freshwater lakes: present status, trends and
future. Environ Conserv 29:21–38
Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN,
Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8:559–568
Chen L, Fu B, Zhang S, Qiu J, Guo X, Yang F (2002) A comparative
study on nitrogen concentration dynamics in surface water in a heterogenous landscape. Environ Geol 42:424–432
Cheng J, Landesman L, Bergmann BA, Classen JJ, Howard JW, Yamamoto YT (2002) Nutrient removal from swine lagoon liquid by
Lemna minor 8627. Transac ASAE 45:1003–1010
Christensen PB, Nielsen LP, Sorensen J, Rersbech NP (1990) Denitrification in nitrate rich streams diurnal and seasonal variation
related to benthic oxygen metabolism. Limnol and. Oceanography
35:640–651
Corell DL (1999) Phosphorus: arate limiting nutrient in surface waters.
PollutSci 78:674–682
Daniel TC, Sharpley AN, Lemunyon JL (1998) Agricultural phosphorus and eutrophication(November 1996). a symposium overview. J
Environ Qual 27:251–257
Djodjic F, Bergstrom L (2005) Phosphorus losses from arable fields
in Sweden: effects of field specific factors and long-term trends.
Environ Monit Assess 102:103–117
Dodds-Walter K, Smith VH, Lohman K (2002) Nitrogen and phosphorus relationships to benthic algal biomass in temperate streams.
Cand J Fish AqSci 59:865–874
Ebise S (1998) Characteristics in changes in distribution and size composition of particulate matter in lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Jap J
Limnol 48:85–98
Emir N, Demirsoy A (1996) Seasonal variation of the zooplanktonic
organisms of Karamuk Lake. Turk J Zool 20:137–144
Fixen PE, West FB (2002) Nitrogen fertilizer: meeting contemporary
challenges. Ambio 31:169–176
Friligos N (1989) Nutrients status in eutrophic Mediterranean lagoon.
Vie-et-Milieu 39:63–70
Gorniak A, Piekarski K (2002) Seasonal and multiannual changes
of water levels in lakes of northeastern Poland. Pol J Environ St
11:349–354
Hammer MJ (1986) Water and wastewater technology. Wiley, New
Yorkp 536
Hargreaves JA (1998) Nitrogen biochemistry of aquaculture ponds.
Aquaculture 166:181–212
Hashmi F (2006) Studies on seasonal dynamics of selected aquatic
Flora leading to eutrophication in response to nutrients of agroecosystem. PhD thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, UP
Havens KE, Carrick HJ, Lowe EF, Coveney MF (1999) Contrasting
relationships between nutrients, chlorophyll a and Secchi trans-