244
A. A. Ansari et al.
enzymes were recorded above 35 °C temperature. The pH 6
to 7, temperature between 20 and 30 °C and replacing old
plants with fresh plants were few conditions that were found
to be most suitable for phytoremediation of eutrophic water
using Eichhornia crassipes (Ansari and Khan 2011).
Water hyacinth has been used in aquatic systems for wastewater purification in the last few years. The role of water
hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes) species in polishing nitrate
and phosphorus concentration from municipal wastewater
treatment plant effluent by phytoremediation method has
been evaluated. The objective of this project is to determine
the removal efficiency of water hyacinth in polishing nitrate
and phosphorus, as well as to calculate COD. Water hyacinth
has been considered as the most efficient aquatic plant used
in removing vast range of pollutants such as organic matters, nutrients, and heavy metals. Water hyacinth, which is
also referred as macrophytes, was cultivated in the treatment
house in a reactor tank of approximately 90(L) x 40(W) x
25(H) in dimension which is built with three compartments.
Three water hyacinths are placed in each compartments and
water sample in each compartment is collected in every 2
days. The plant observation was conducted by weight measurement, plant uptake and new young shoot development.
Water hyacinth has been shown to remove approximately
49 % of COD, 81 % of ammonia, 67 % of phosphorus, and
92 % of nitrate. It has also showed significant growth rate
at starting from day 6 with 0.33 shoot/day and they kept developing up to 0.38 shoot/day at the end of day 24. From
the studies conducted, it has been proved that water hyacinth
is capable of polishing the effluent of municipal wastewater
which contains undesirable amount of nitrate and phosphorus concentration. (Kutty et al. 2009).
A study was conducted to remove the nutrients from the
surface water of two golf courses by using the phytoremediation system. Caladium sp. and spinach ( Spinacia oleracea)
were used for the study. The results of this study may be used
for new treatment of golf course surface water since this
emerging technology is becoming significant toward green
technology for national development (Zul Hilmi et al. 2011).
Phytoremediation technology using aquatic plants in constructed wetlands and storm water detention ponds has been
increasingly applied to remediate eutrophic waters. Effectiveness and potential of water lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes L.)
in removing nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus
(P) from storm water has been evaluated in the constructed
water detention systems before it is discharged into the St.
Lucie Estuary, an important surface water system in Florida,
using phytoremediation technologies. The results from this
study indicate that water lettuce has a great potential in removing N and P from eutrophic storm waters and improving
other water quality properties (Lu et al. 2010).
This study also indicates the potential utility of water hyacinth for nutrient removal and biomass production, based on
the continuous harvest at the sustainable yield (MSY). Two
types of surplus production–harvest models of water hyacinth are constructed to manage the water quality of rivers
in both rainy and dry seasons. The models are expected to
be a simple but adequate tool of pollution control for diffuse sources in the long term. The case study with Tha-chin
River in Thailand shows that effective nutrient removal can
be achieved under biomass control by harvesting at MSY.
Nutrient removal in the rainy season is also investigated taking into account the quantity of biomass that flows in and
out of the river basin (Mahujchariyawong and Ikeda 2001).
Two aquatic plants, Zizani alatifolia and Sagittaria sagittifolia, have been used to study the variation of physiological responses and the water qualities under mild, moderate,
and weighty eutrophic water in plastic pot scale experiments.
The physiological characteristics of both plants are investigated, which included contents of leaf MDA and proline,
membrane permeability (MP), and activities of CAT and
POD. The water qualities are analyzed correspondingly. The
results showed remarkable effects of different degree of eutrophic water on physiological characteristics of the plants.
These results suggested that Zizania latifolia and Sagittaria
sagittifolia are the recommended aquatic plants in phytoremediation of mild and weighty eutrophicated water, respectively.
Phosphorus (P) fractions and the effect of phytoremediation on nitrogen and phosphorus removal from eutrophicated
water and release from sediment have been investigated in
the ecoremediation experiment enclosures installed in the
Hua-jia-chi pond (Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China).
The main P fraction in the sediment is inorganic phosphorus
(IP). For the mesotrophic sediments, IP mainly consisted of
HCl-extractable P (Ca-P). The annual average concentration
of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) in water and the
content of TN, TP in different vertical depth of sediment in
the experiment enclosures with hydrophyte are always much
lower than those in the control enclosure without hydrophyte
and those outside of experiment enclosures. Therefore, it is
suggested that phytoremediation was an effective technology for N and P removal from eutrophicated water and release from sediment (Xiang et al. 2009). Ipomoea aquatica
with low-energy N
+
ion implantation has been used for the
removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus from the eutrophic
Chaohu Lake, China. The ion implantation is suggested to
enhance the growth potential of I. aquatica in real eutrophic
water and increase its nutrient removal efficiency. Thus, the
low-energy ion implantation for aquatic plants could be considered as an approach for in situ phytoremediation and bioremediation of eutrophic waters (Li et al. 2009).
In a greenhouse study, Cyperu salternifolius, Coleus blumei, and Jasminum sambac have been cultured in a floating
phytoremediation system with plantation cups inserted into a
polyfoam plate that floated in the upper part of a tank filled
A. A. Ansari et al.
enzymes were recorded above 35 °C temperature. The pH 6
to 7, temperature between 20 and 30 °C and replacing old
plants with fresh plants were few conditions that were found
to be most suitable for phytoremediation of eutrophic water
using Eichhornia crassipes (Ansari and Khan 2011).
Water hyacinth has been used in aquatic systems for wastewater purification in the last few years. The role of water
hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes) species in polishing nitrate
and phosphorus concentration from municipal wastewater
treatment plant effluent by phytoremediation method has
been evaluated. The objective of this project is to determine
the removal efficiency of water hyacinth in polishing nitrate
and phosphorus, as well as to calculate COD. Water hyacinth
has been considered as the most efficient aquatic plant used
in removing vast range of pollutants such as organic matters, nutrients, and heavy metals. Water hyacinth, which is
also referred as macrophytes, was cultivated in the treatment
house in a reactor tank of approximately 90(L) x 40(W) x
25(H) in dimension which is built with three compartments.
Three water hyacinths are placed in each compartments and
water sample in each compartment is collected in every 2
days. The plant observation was conducted by weight measurement, plant uptake and new young shoot development.
Water hyacinth has been shown to remove approximately
49 % of COD, 81 % of ammonia, 67 % of phosphorus, and
92 % of nitrate. It has also showed significant growth rate
at starting from day 6 with 0.33 shoot/day and they kept developing up to 0.38 shoot/day at the end of day 24. From
the studies conducted, it has been proved that water hyacinth
is capable of polishing the effluent of municipal wastewater
which contains undesirable amount of nitrate and phosphorus concentration. (Kutty et al. 2009).
A study was conducted to remove the nutrients from the
surface water of two golf courses by using the phytoremediation system. Caladium sp. and spinach ( Spinacia oleracea)
were used for the study. The results of this study may be used
for new treatment of golf course surface water since this
emerging technology is becoming significant toward green
technology for national development (Zul Hilmi et al. 2011).
Phytoremediation technology using aquatic plants in constructed wetlands and storm water detention ponds has been
increasingly applied to remediate eutrophic waters. Effectiveness and potential of water lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes L.)
in removing nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus
(P) from storm water has been evaluated in the constructed
water detention systems before it is discharged into the St.
Lucie Estuary, an important surface water system in Florida,
using phytoremediation technologies. The results from this
study indicate that water lettuce has a great potential in removing N and P from eutrophic storm waters and improving
other water quality properties (Lu et al. 2010).
This study also indicates the potential utility of water hyacinth for nutrient removal and biomass production, based on
the continuous harvest at the sustainable yield (MSY). Two
types of surplus production–harvest models of water hyacinth are constructed to manage the water quality of rivers
in both rainy and dry seasons. The models are expected to
be a simple but adequate tool of pollution control for diffuse sources in the long term. The case study with Tha-chin
River in Thailand shows that effective nutrient removal can
be achieved under biomass control by harvesting at MSY.
Nutrient removal in the rainy season is also investigated taking into account the quantity of biomass that flows in and
out of the river basin (Mahujchariyawong and Ikeda 2001).
Two aquatic plants, Zizani alatifolia and Sagittaria sagittifolia, have been used to study the variation of physiological responses and the water qualities under mild, moderate,
and weighty eutrophic water in plastic pot scale experiments.
The physiological characteristics of both plants are investigated, which included contents of leaf MDA and proline,
membrane permeability (MP), and activities of CAT and
POD. The water qualities are analyzed correspondingly. The
results showed remarkable effects of different degree of eutrophic water on physiological characteristics of the plants.
These results suggested that Zizania latifolia and Sagittaria
sagittifolia are the recommended aquatic plants in phytoremediation of mild and weighty eutrophicated water, respectively.
Phosphorus (P) fractions and the effect of phytoremediation on nitrogen and phosphorus removal from eutrophicated
water and release from sediment have been investigated in
the ecoremediation experiment enclosures installed in the
Hua-jia-chi pond (Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China).
The main P fraction in the sediment is inorganic phosphorus
(IP). For the mesotrophic sediments, IP mainly consisted of
HCl-extractable P (Ca-P). The annual average concentration
of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) in water and the
content of TN, TP in different vertical depth of sediment in
the experiment enclosures with hydrophyte are always much
lower than those in the control enclosure without hydrophyte
and those outside of experiment enclosures. Therefore, it is
suggested that phytoremediation was an effective technology for N and P removal from eutrophicated water and release from sediment (Xiang et al. 2009). Ipomoea aquatica
with low-energy N
+
ion implantation has been used for the
removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus from the eutrophic
Chaohu Lake, China. The ion implantation is suggested to
enhance the growth potential of I. aquatica in real eutrophic
water and increase its nutrient removal efficiency. Thus, the
low-energy ion implantation for aquatic plants could be considered as an approach for in situ phytoremediation and bioremediation of eutrophic waters (Li et al. 2009).
In a greenhouse study, Cyperu salternifolius, Coleus blumei, and Jasminum sambac have been cultured in a floating
phytoremediation system with plantation cups inserted into a
polyfoam plate that floated in the upper part of a tank filled