242
A. A. Ansari et al.
Scirpus validus was found to be most effective while
Phalaris arundinacea was generally least effective in reducing N in monocultures. Mixture of Four-species such as
Scirpus validus, Carex lacustris, Phalaris arundinacea, and
Typha latifolia was shown to be highly effective in the removal of the nutrients (Fraser et al. 2004).
17.5.4 Nutrients Loading
Various studies showed that the nutrients removal is directly
related with increased nutrients concentration in the medium. The plant biomass positively correlated with nutrients
supplied and therefore had higher depletion rate of nutrients
(Polomski et al. 2009).
17.5.5 Temperature
Optimum growth was recorded at between 20 and 30 °C for
Lemna minor and between 25 and 30 °C for Spirodela polyrrhiza. This temperature interval was found the most suitable
for remediation of eutrophic water (Ansari and Khan 2008;
Ansari and Khan 2009b). Experiments on warming mesocosms of shallow communities by 4 °C demonstrated changes in concentrations of soluble phosphate, total N and conductivity, increased total plant biomass and decreased algae
S. no.
Plant name
Worker and year
1
Eichhornia crassipes
Petrucio and Estaves 2000; Zhou et al. 2007; Billore et al. 1998
2
Salvia auriculata
Petrucio and Estaves 2000
3
Typha
Beltman et al. 1990; Picard et al. 2005; Fraser et al. 2004
4
Phragmites
Yang et al. 2007; Beltman et al. 1990
5
Glyceria
Beltman et al. 1990
6
Ulva rotundata
Martinez et al. 2002
7
Enteromorpha intestinalis Martinez et al. 2002
8
Gracilaria gracillis
Martinez et al. 2002
9
Dicentrachus labrox
Martinez et al. 2002
10
Lemna
Ansari and Khan 2008; Smith et al. 2004; Smith 2007; Tripathi
and Upadhyay 2003; Jayaweera and Kasturiarachchi 2004
11
Spirodela
Ansari and Khan 2009b; El-Shafai et al. 2007
12
Eichhornia crassipes
Ansari and Khan 2011; Fox et al. 2008; Tripathi and Upadhyay
2003; Jayaweera and Kasturiarachchi 2004
13
Pistia stratiotes
Polomski et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2010
14
Scirpus validus
Polomski et al. 2009
15
Phalaris arundinacea
Polomski et al. 2009
16
Thalia geniculata
Polomski et al. 2008
17
Oenenathe javanica
Polomski et al. 2008
18
Phyla lanceolata
Polomski et al. 2008
19
Scirpus validus
Fraser et al. 2004; Picard et al. 2005
20
Carex lacustris
Fraser et al. 2004; Picard et al. 2005
21
Phalaris arundinacea
Fraser et al. 2004; Picard et al. 2005
22
Pennisetumpurpureum
Yang et al. 2007
23
Polygonum
hydropiperoides
Martins et al. 2010
24
Canna indica
Yang et al. 2007
25
Caladium
Zul Hilmi et al. 2011
26
Spinacia oleracea
Zul Hilmi et al. 2011
27
Zizania latifolia
28
Sagittaria sagittifolia
29
Ipomoea aquatica
Li et al. 2009; Hu et al. 2008; Li et al. 2007
30
Jasminum sambac
Liu et al. 2004
31
Cyperus alternifolius
Liu et al. 2004
32
Coleus blumei
Liu et al. 2004
33
Pandanus pygmaeus
Joycel et al. 2010
34
Azolla pinnata
Tripathi and Upadhyay 2003; Jayaweera and Kasturiarachchi 2004
35
Hibiscus cannabinus L
Ikeda et al. 1999
Table 17.1 Aquatic macrophytes used in phytoremediation
systems for eutrophic waters
A. A. Ansari et al.
Scirpus validus was found to be most effective while
Phalaris arundinacea was generally least effective in reducing N in monocultures. Mixture of Four-species such as
Scirpus validus, Carex lacustris, Phalaris arundinacea, and
Typha latifolia was shown to be highly effective in the removal of the nutrients (Fraser et al. 2004).
17.5.4 Nutrients Loading
Various studies showed that the nutrients removal is directly
related with increased nutrients concentration in the medium. The plant biomass positively correlated with nutrients
supplied and therefore had higher depletion rate of nutrients
(Polomski et al. 2009).
17.5.5 Temperature
Optimum growth was recorded at between 20 and 30 °C for
Lemna minor and between 25 and 30 °C for Spirodela polyrrhiza. This temperature interval was found the most suitable
for remediation of eutrophic water (Ansari and Khan 2008;
Ansari and Khan 2009b). Experiments on warming mesocosms of shallow communities by 4 °C demonstrated changes in concentrations of soluble phosphate, total N and conductivity, increased total plant biomass and decreased algae
S. no.
Plant name
Worker and year
1
Eichhornia crassipes
Petrucio and Estaves 2000; Zhou et al. 2007; Billore et al. 1998
2
Salvia auriculata
Petrucio and Estaves 2000
3
Typha
Beltman et al. 1990; Picard et al. 2005; Fraser et al. 2004
4
Phragmites
Yang et al. 2007; Beltman et al. 1990
5
Glyceria
Beltman et al. 1990
6
Ulva rotundata
Martinez et al. 2002
7
Enteromorpha intestinalis Martinez et al. 2002
8
Gracilaria gracillis
Martinez et al. 2002
9
Dicentrachus labrox
Martinez et al. 2002
10
Lemna
Ansari and Khan 2008; Smith et al. 2004; Smith 2007; Tripathi
and Upadhyay 2003; Jayaweera and Kasturiarachchi 2004
11
Spirodela
Ansari and Khan 2009b; El-Shafai et al. 2007
12
Eichhornia crassipes
Ansari and Khan 2011; Fox et al. 2008; Tripathi and Upadhyay
2003; Jayaweera and Kasturiarachchi 2004
13
Pistia stratiotes
Polomski et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2010
14
Scirpus validus
Polomski et al. 2009
15
Phalaris arundinacea
Polomski et al. 2009
16
Thalia geniculata
Polomski et al. 2008
17
Oenenathe javanica
Polomski et al. 2008
18
Phyla lanceolata
Polomski et al. 2008
19
Scirpus validus
Fraser et al. 2004; Picard et al. 2005
20
Carex lacustris
Fraser et al. 2004; Picard et al. 2005
21
Phalaris arundinacea
Fraser et al. 2004; Picard et al. 2005
22
Pennisetumpurpureum
Yang et al. 2007
23
Polygonum
hydropiperoides
Martins et al. 2010
24
Canna indica
Yang et al. 2007
25
Caladium
Zul Hilmi et al. 2011
26
Spinacia oleracea
Zul Hilmi et al. 2011
27
Zizania latifolia
28
Sagittaria sagittifolia
29
Ipomoea aquatica
Li et al. 2009; Hu et al. 2008; Li et al. 2007
30
Jasminum sambac
Liu et al. 2004
31
Cyperus alternifolius
Liu et al. 2004
32
Coleus blumei
Liu et al. 2004
33
Pandanus pygmaeus
Joycel et al. 2010
34
Azolla pinnata
Tripathi and Upadhyay 2003; Jayaweera and Kasturiarachchi 2004
35
Hibiscus cannabinus L
Ikeda et al. 1999
Table 17.1 Aquatic macrophytes used in phytoremediation
systems for eutrophic waters