321
Changes in the distributions and productivity of coccolithophores will influence the general
optical and biogeochemical properties of the oceans, and could lead to significant feedback
effects on the global environment. Methods of single particle analysis are just beginning to
be applied in research on these organisms and are likely to lead to a better understanding of
how oceanic phytoplankton affect the climate.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are most grateful to Dr. Jim Aiken, Dr. Gill Malin and Dr. Sue Turner, and Kay Kilpatrick for providing
the data shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9 respectively. We also thank Stephen Groom for processing the satellite
data, and Derek Harbour for many hours of identifying and counting coccolithophores.
REFERENCES
Ackleson SG, Balch WM, Holligan PM (1988) White waters of the Gulf of Maine.
Oceanography 1 (2): 18-22
Aiken J, Bellan I (1990) Optical oceanography: an assessment of a towed method. In: Herring
PJ, Campbell AK, Whitfield M and Maddock L (eds) Light and life in the sea.
Cambridge University Press pp 39-57
Andreae MO (1986) The ocean as a source of atmospheric sulfur compounds pp 331-362. In
P Buat-Menard (ed). The Role of Air-sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling. NATO ASI
Series C Vol 185. D Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
Balch WM, Eppley RW, Abbott MR, Reid FM (1989) Bias in satellite derived pigment
measurements due to coccolithophores and dinoflagellates. J Plank Res 11:575-581
Balch WM, Holligan PM, Ackleson SG, Voss KJ (1991) Biological and optical properties of
mesoscale coccolithophore blooms in the Gulf of Maine. Limnol Oceanogr (in press)
Baumann FG, Isenberg HD, Gennaro J (1978) The inverse relationship between nutrient
nitrogen concentration and coccolith calcification in cultures of the coccolithophorid
Hymenomonas sp J Protozool 25:253-256
Berger WH (1982) Deglacial CO 2 buildup: Constraints on the coral reef model. Palaeogeog
Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 40:235-253
Berner RA (1982) Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modem ocean: Its
geochemical and environmental significance. Am J Sci 282:415-473
Berner RA, Lasaga AC (1989) Modeling the geochemical carbon cycle. Sci Am 260:54-61
Bishop JKB (1989) Regional extremes in particulate matter composition and flux: Effects on
the chemistry of the ocean interior. In Productivity of the Ocean: Past and Present. Eds
Berger WH, Smetacek VS and Wefer G. pp 117-137. John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Borowitzka MA (1987) Calcification in algae: mechanisms and the role of metabolism. CRC
Crit Rev PI Sci 6: 1-45
Bramlette MN (1958) Significance of coccolithophorids in calcium carbonate deposition. Bull
Geo1 Soc Am 69:121-12.
Brand LE (1982) Genetic variability and spatial patterns of genetic differentiation in
reproductive rates of the marine coccolithophores Emiliania huxieyi and Gephyrocapsa
oceanica. Limnol Oceanogr 27:236-245
Brand LE, Sunda WG, Guillard RRL (1983) Limitation of marine phytoplankton reproductive
rates by zinc, manganese and iron. Limnol Oceanogr 28: 1182-1198
Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Marlowe IT, Pflaumann U and Sarntheim M (1986) Molecular
stratigraphy: a new tool for climatic assessment. Nature 320: 129-l33
Bricaud A, Morel A (1986) Light attenuation and scattering by phytoplanktonic cells: a
theoretical modelling. Appl Opt 25:571-580
Changes in the distributions and productivity of coccolithophores will influence the general
optical and biogeochemical properties of the oceans, and could lead to significant feedback
effects on the global environment. Methods of single particle analysis are just beginning to
be applied in research on these organisms and are likely to lead to a better understanding of
how oceanic phytoplankton affect the climate.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are most grateful to Dr. Jim Aiken, Dr. Gill Malin and Dr. Sue Turner, and Kay Kilpatrick for providing
the data shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9 respectively. We also thank Stephen Groom for processing the satellite
data, and Derek Harbour for many hours of identifying and counting coccolithophores.
REFERENCES
Ackleson SG, Balch WM, Holligan PM (1988) White waters of the Gulf of Maine.
Oceanography 1 (2): 18-22
Aiken J, Bellan I (1990) Optical oceanography: an assessment of a towed method. In: Herring
PJ, Campbell AK, Whitfield M and Maddock L (eds) Light and life in the sea.
Cambridge University Press pp 39-57
Andreae MO (1986) The ocean as a source of atmospheric sulfur compounds pp 331-362. In
P Buat-Menard (ed). The Role of Air-sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling. NATO ASI
Series C Vol 185. D Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
Balch WM, Eppley RW, Abbott MR, Reid FM (1989) Bias in satellite derived pigment
measurements due to coccolithophores and dinoflagellates. J Plank Res 11:575-581
Balch WM, Holligan PM, Ackleson SG, Voss KJ (1991) Biological and optical properties of
mesoscale coccolithophore blooms in the Gulf of Maine. Limnol Oceanogr (in press)
Baumann FG, Isenberg HD, Gennaro J (1978) The inverse relationship between nutrient
nitrogen concentration and coccolith calcification in cultures of the coccolithophorid
Hymenomonas sp J Protozool 25:253-256
Berger WH (1982) Deglacial CO 2 buildup: Constraints on the coral reef model. Palaeogeog
Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 40:235-253
Berner RA (1982) Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in the modem ocean: Its
geochemical and environmental significance. Am J Sci 282:415-473
Berner RA, Lasaga AC (1989) Modeling the geochemical carbon cycle. Sci Am 260:54-61
Bishop JKB (1989) Regional extremes in particulate matter composition and flux: Effects on
the chemistry of the ocean interior. In Productivity of the Ocean: Past and Present. Eds
Berger WH, Smetacek VS and Wefer G. pp 117-137. John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Borowitzka MA (1987) Calcification in algae: mechanisms and the role of metabolism. CRC
Crit Rev PI Sci 6: 1-45
Bramlette MN (1958) Significance of coccolithophorids in calcium carbonate deposition. Bull
Geo1 Soc Am 69:121-12.
Brand LE (1982) Genetic variability and spatial patterns of genetic differentiation in
reproductive rates of the marine coccolithophores Emiliania huxieyi and Gephyrocapsa
oceanica. Limnol Oceanogr 27:236-245
Brand LE, Sunda WG, Guillard RRL (1983) Limitation of marine phytoplankton reproductive
rates by zinc, manganese and iron. Limnol Oceanogr 28: 1182-1198
Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Marlowe IT, Pflaumann U and Sarntheim M (1986) Molecular
stratigraphy: a new tool for climatic assessment. Nature 320: 129-l33
Bricaud A, Morel A (1986) Light attenuation and scattering by phytoplanktonic cells: a
theoretical modelling. Appl Opt 25:571-580