68
4.
CONCLUSION
Chapter 8
Most of the operational weather prediction centers are now using
advanced land surface schemes, which include the influence of the
vegetation on the surface exchanges. Two particular problems are related to
the operational implementation of those surface schemes: the
characterization of vegetation properties with high enough resolution in
space (typically a kilometer) and time (typically a month), and the
initialization of the soil water reservoir. Satellite information in the visible
and infrared spectral ranges can bring significant input to solve the two
problems. Algorithms are now ready to include the satellite information in
operational NWP models. Important requirements are the production of
high-resolution vegetation maps at the global scale, monthly variations of
vegetation properties from vegetation indices and monthly maps for albedo
(see Roujean et al. 1997 for a review). Concerning the problem of soil water
initialization, remotely-sensed surface fluxes and near-surface soil moisture
(Calvet et al. 1997) have a good potential for deep soil reservoir
assimilation.
5.
REFERENCES
Bastiaanssen, W., M. Menenti, R. Feddes, and A. Holtsag (1997) A remote sensing surface
energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): Formulation, Journal of Hydrology, (in
press).
Bazile, E., and D. Giard (1996) Assimilation and sensitivity experiments in the NWP model
ARPEGE with ISBA, Hirlam Newsletter, 24 (Soil processes and soil surface data
assimilation), 73–78.
Bouttier, F., J.F. Mahfouf, and J. Noilhan (1993) Sequential assimilation of soil moisture from
atmospheric low level parameters. Part I: Sensitivity and calibration studies, Journal of
Applied Meteorology, 32, 1335–1351.
Bringfelt, B. (1996) Hirlam surface parameterization and assimilation: General overview,
present status and developments, Hirlam Newsletter, 24 (Soil processes and soil surface
data assimilation), 26–29.
Calvet, J.-C., J. Noilhan, and P. Bessemoulin (1997) Soil water reservoir retrieval from
surface soil moisture and temperature estimates, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 37, 371–
386.
Champeaux, J.-L. and H. Legleau (1995) Vegetation mapping over Europe using
NOAA/AVHRR, in The 1995 meteorological satellite data users’ conference, 139–143,
Winchester, UK and EUMETSAT.
Giard, D. and E. Bazile (1997) La version pré-opérationelle du schéma de surface ISBA.
Atelier de Modélisation Atmosphérique, 265–269.
Giard, D. and E. Bazile (1999) Implementation of a new assimilation scheme for soil and
surface variables in a global NWP model, Monthly Weather Review, (to appear).
4.
CONCLUSION
Chapter 8
Most of the operational weather prediction centers are now using
advanced land surface schemes, which include the influence of the
vegetation on the surface exchanges. Two particular problems are related to
the operational implementation of those surface schemes: the
characterization of vegetation properties with high enough resolution in
space (typically a kilometer) and time (typically a month), and the
initialization of the soil water reservoir. Satellite information in the visible
and infrared spectral ranges can bring significant input to solve the two
problems. Algorithms are now ready to include the satellite information in
operational NWP models. Important requirements are the production of
high-resolution vegetation maps at the global scale, monthly variations of
vegetation properties from vegetation indices and monthly maps for albedo
(see Roujean et al. 1997 for a review). Concerning the problem of soil water
initialization, remotely-sensed surface fluxes and near-surface soil moisture
(Calvet et al. 1997) have a good potential for deep soil reservoir
assimilation.
5.
REFERENCES
Bastiaanssen, W., M. Menenti, R. Feddes, and A. Holtsag (1997) A remote sensing surface
energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): Formulation, Journal of Hydrology, (in
press).
Bazile, E., and D. Giard (1996) Assimilation and sensitivity experiments in the NWP model
ARPEGE with ISBA, Hirlam Newsletter, 24 (Soil processes and soil surface data
assimilation), 73–78.
Bouttier, F., J.F. Mahfouf, and J. Noilhan (1993) Sequential assimilation of soil moisture from
atmospheric low level parameters. Part I: Sensitivity and calibration studies, Journal of
Applied Meteorology, 32, 1335–1351.
Bringfelt, B. (1996) Hirlam surface parameterization and assimilation: General overview,
present status and developments, Hirlam Newsletter, 24 (Soil processes and soil surface
data assimilation), 26–29.
Calvet, J.-C., J. Noilhan, and P. Bessemoulin (1997) Soil water reservoir retrieval from
surface soil moisture and temperature estimates, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 37, 371–
386.
Champeaux, J.-L. and H. Legleau (1995) Vegetation mapping over Europe using
NOAA/AVHRR, in The 1995 meteorological satellite data users’ conference, 139–143,
Winchester, UK and EUMETSAT.
Giard, D. and E. Bazile (1997) La version pré-opérationelle du schéma de surface ISBA.
Atelier de Modélisation Atmosphérique, 265–269.
Giard, D. and E. Bazile (1999) Implementation of a new assimilation scheme for soil and
surface variables in a global NWP model, Monthly Weather Review, (to appear).