9. References
Berkelmans, R. and B.L. Willis. 1999. Seasonal and local spatial patterns in the upper thermal limits of corals
on the inshore Central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 18:219-228.
Coles, S.L. and P.L. Jokiel, 1977. Effects of temperature on photosynthesis and respiration in hermatypic
corals. Marine Biology, 43:209-216.
Gleeson, M.W. and A.E. Strong. 1995. Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching. Advances in Space
Research, 16(10):151-154.
Glynn, P.W. and L.D. D’Croz. 1990. Experimental evidence for high temperature stress as the cause of El
Niño-coincident coral mortality. Coral Reefs, 8:181-191.
Goreau, T. J., and R.L. Hayes. 1994. Coral bleaching and Aocean hot spots.@ AMBIO, 23:176-180.
Jokiel, P.L. and S.L. Coles. 1990. Response of Hawaiian and other Indo-Pacific reef corals to elevated
temperature. Coral Reefs, 8:155-162.
Lesser, M.P., W.R. Stochaj, D.W. Tapley, and J.M. Shiek 1990. Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects
of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activities of protective enzymes against active
oxygen. Coral Reefs, 8:225-232.
Liu, G., W. Skirving, and A.E. Strong. 2003. Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperatures During the 2002
(Great) Barrier Reef Coral Bleaching Event, EOS, 84(15):137,141.
McClain, E.P. W.G. Pichel, and C.C. Walton. 1985: Comparative performance of AVHRR-based multi
channel sea surface temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research. 90:11,587.
Montgomery, R.S. and A.E. Strong. 1995. Coral bleaching threatens oceans, life. Eos, Transactions,
American Geophysical Union, 75:145-147.
Reaser, J.K., R. Pomerance, and P.O. Thomas 2000. Coral bleaching and global climate change: Scientific
findings and policy recommendations. Conservation Biology, 14,:1500-1511.
Strong, A.E., C.S. Barrientos, C. Duda, and J. Sapper. 1997. Improved satellite techniques for monitoring
coral reef bleaching. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama City, Panama,
1:1495-1498.
Strong, A.E. 1991. Sea surface temperature signals from space. In Encyclopedia of Earth System Science, Ed.
W.A. Nierenberg, Vol. 4, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 69-80.
Strong, A.E., E. Kearns, and K.K. Gjovig. 2000. Sea surface temperature signals from satellites - an update.
Geophysical Research Letters, 27(11):1667-1670.
Winter, T.M. 1995. The development of an operational global ocean climatology through the use of remotely
sensed sea surface temperature. Trident Scholar Project Report No. 235, U.S. Naval Academy, 67pp.
Yonge, C.M. and A.G. Nicholls. 1931. Studies on the physiology of the zooxanthellae, Science Report, Great
Barrier Reef Expedition, 1928-1929, 1:135-176.
10. Appendix
SST Field Generation Algorithm
Algorithm Selection Procedure
For each target processed (approximately 60,000 targets per orbit, 14 orbits per day), the first step is to check
the quality of the target and select one or more processing algorithms.
The SST is retrieved principally using either the daytime or nighttime AVHRR-only algorithm; however, as a
fail-safe provision, it can be retrieved using one of the HIRS-only algorithms. A simultaneous parallel-test
mode allows comparison of results from a new algorithm or modified threshold with the result of the
operational algorithm. Use of the Target Rejection Decision Table allows test or implementation of an
algorithm for a selected portion of the global ocean. Note: A target is an 11 by 11 array of AVHRR 4km
Global Area Coverage (GAC) fields of view. These targets are centered on the High resolution Infrared
Sounder (HIRS) fields-of-view (a sensor that flies on the same satellite as the AVHRR). Thus, the GAC
targets overlap by 4 or 5 fields-of-view depending on the collocation.
1. Check Quality Control Flags and Calibration Consistency
Target data from the orbital processing program (MUT) contains quality control (QC) flags from the level 1b
data base. Some of these flags, if set, are fatal for target processing. If a fatal QC flag is set, processing of
the target is terminated. A count of the number of QC errors is accumulated by blocks of 500 scan lines to
allow bad sections of data to be pinpointed for study. The magnitude and consistency of AVHRR and HIRS
calibrated coefficients are also monitored, and targets with erroneous calibration data are rejected.
2. Perform Gross Land Test
In the gross land test, if AVHRR data are available, check the low-resolution land/sea tag value at the nearest
½
0 latitude/longitude intersection for the following positions within the target:
a.
If satellite zenith angle < 26
0 , check the four target corners
23
Extreme Events and Perturbations
Berkelmans, R. and B.L. Willis. 1999. Seasonal and local spatial patterns in the upper thermal limits of corals
on the inshore Central Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs, 18:219-228.
Coles, S.L. and P.L. Jokiel, 1977. Effects of temperature on photosynthesis and respiration in hermatypic
corals. Marine Biology, 43:209-216.
Gleeson, M.W. and A.E. Strong. 1995. Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching. Advances in Space
Research, 16(10):151-154.
Glynn, P.W. and L.D. D’Croz. 1990. Experimental evidence for high temperature stress as the cause of El
Niño-coincident coral mortality. Coral Reefs, 8:181-191.
Goreau, T. J., and R.L. Hayes. 1994. Coral bleaching and Aocean hot spots.@ AMBIO, 23:176-180.
Jokiel, P.L. and S.L. Coles. 1990. Response of Hawaiian and other Indo-Pacific reef corals to elevated
temperature. Coral Reefs, 8:155-162.
Lesser, M.P., W.R. Stochaj, D.W. Tapley, and J.M. Shiek 1990. Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects
of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activities of protective enzymes against active
oxygen. Coral Reefs, 8:225-232.
Liu, G., W. Skirving, and A.E. Strong. 2003. Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperatures During the 2002
(Great) Barrier Reef Coral Bleaching Event, EOS, 84(15):137,141.
McClain, E.P. W.G. Pichel, and C.C. Walton. 1985: Comparative performance of AVHRR-based multi
channel sea surface temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research. 90:11,587.
Montgomery, R.S. and A.E. Strong. 1995. Coral bleaching threatens oceans, life. Eos, Transactions,
American Geophysical Union, 75:145-147.
Reaser, J.K., R. Pomerance, and P.O. Thomas 2000. Coral bleaching and global climate change: Scientific
findings and policy recommendations. Conservation Biology, 14,:1500-1511.
Strong, A.E., C.S. Barrientos, C. Duda, and J. Sapper. 1997. Improved satellite techniques for monitoring
coral reef bleaching. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama City, Panama,
1:1495-1498.
Strong, A.E. 1991. Sea surface temperature signals from space. In Encyclopedia of Earth System Science, Ed.
W.A. Nierenberg, Vol. 4, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 69-80.
Strong, A.E., E. Kearns, and K.K. Gjovig. 2000. Sea surface temperature signals from satellites - an update.
Geophysical Research Letters, 27(11):1667-1670.
Winter, T.M. 1995. The development of an operational global ocean climatology through the use of remotely
sensed sea surface temperature. Trident Scholar Project Report No. 235, U.S. Naval Academy, 67pp.
Yonge, C.M. and A.G. Nicholls. 1931. Studies on the physiology of the zooxanthellae, Science Report, Great
Barrier Reef Expedition, 1928-1929, 1:135-176.
10. Appendix
SST Field Generation Algorithm
Algorithm Selection Procedure
For each target processed (approximately 60,000 targets per orbit, 14 orbits per day), the first step is to check
the quality of the target and select one or more processing algorithms.
The SST is retrieved principally using either the daytime or nighttime AVHRR-only algorithm; however, as a
fail-safe provision, it can be retrieved using one of the HIRS-only algorithms. A simultaneous parallel-test
mode allows comparison of results from a new algorithm or modified threshold with the result of the
operational algorithm. Use of the Target Rejection Decision Table allows test or implementation of an
algorithm for a selected portion of the global ocean. Note: A target is an 11 by 11 array of AVHRR 4km
Global Area Coverage (GAC) fields of view. These targets are centered on the High resolution Infrared
Sounder (HIRS) fields-of-view (a sensor that flies on the same satellite as the AVHRR). Thus, the GAC
targets overlap by 4 or 5 fields-of-view depending on the collocation.
1. Check Quality Control Flags and Calibration Consistency
Target data from the orbital processing program (MUT) contains quality control (QC) flags from the level 1b
data base. Some of these flags, if set, are fatal for target processing. If a fatal QC flag is set, processing of
the target is terminated. A count of the number of QC errors is accumulated by blocks of 500 scan lines to
allow bad sections of data to be pinpointed for study. The magnitude and consistency of AVHRR and HIRS
calibrated coefficients are also monitored, and targets with erroneous calibration data are rejected.
2. Perform Gross Land Test
In the gross land test, if AVHRR data are available, check the low-resolution land/sea tag value at the nearest
½
0 latitude/longitude intersection for the following positions within the target:
a.
If satellite zenith angle < 26
0 , check the four target corners
23
Extreme Events and Perturbations