2012; Sims et al. 2006a; Xiao et al. 2005b), such as the updated version of the
CASA model (Potter et al. 2012).
FPAR canopy ¼ f NDVI
ð
Þ
ð5:11Þ
where NDVI is calculated using surface reflectance from the red and near-infrared
bands (Tucker 1979):
NDVI ¼
q NIR À q red
q NIR þ q red
ð5:12Þ
FPAR chl ¼ f EVI
ð
Þ
ð5:13Þ
where EVI directly adjusts the reflectance in the red band as a function of the
reflectance in the blue band, accounting for residual atmospheric contamination
(e.g., aerosols), variable soil, and canopy background reflectance (Huete et al. 1997):
EVI ¼
G q NIR À q red
ð
Þ
q NIR þ C 1 Â q red À C 2 Â q blue
ð
Þ þ L
ð5:14Þ
Table 5.1 A comparison of major model variables among the 10 well-documented Production
Efficiency Models (PEMs)
Model
FPAR
FPAR
estimation
e g or e n
(g C m
-2 MJ
-1
APAR)
E 0 (g C m
-2 MJ
-1
APAR)
Year and
references
CASA
FPAR canopy NDVI
e n = e 0 9 T 9 f
(AET, PET)
0.55
Potter (1999),
Potter et al. (1993)
CASA
FPAR chl
EVI
e n = e 0 9 T 9 f
(AET, PET)
0.389
Potter (2012)
GLOPEM
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0 9 T 9
SM 9 VPD
55.2a
a
, 2.76
b
Prince (1995)
TURC
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0
4.04
Ruimy et al. (1996a, b),
(1994)
MODISPSN
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0 9 T 9 VPD 0.604-1.259
c
Running et al. (2000)
C-Fix
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0 9 T 9 CO 2 1.1
Veroustraete et al.
(2002)
VPM
FPAR chl
EVI
e g = e 0 9 T 9
W 9 P
2.208
d ; 2.484
e
Xiao et al. (2005b)
GR
FPAR chl
VI chl
e g = f (VI chl )
–
Gitelson et al. (2006)
TG
FPAR chl
EVI
e g = f(EVI, LST)
–
Sims et al. (2008),
(2006a)
ECLUE
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0 9 min(T,
EF)
2.14
Yuan et al (2007),
(2010)
T Air temperature scalar; SM soil moisture scalar; VPD water vapor pressure deficit scalar; AET Actual
Evapotranspiration; PET Potential Evapotranspiration; CO 2 the normalized CO 2 fertilization factor; EF
Evaporative Fraction; LST Land Surface Temperature
a For C3 vegetation, a is quantum yield
b For C4 vegetation
c For 11 standard global biome types
d For evergreen needle leaf forests
e For moist tropical evergreen forests
5 Gross Primary Production of Terrestrial Vegetation
131
CASA model (Potter et al. 2012).
FPAR canopy ¼ f NDVI
ð
Þ
ð5:11Þ
where NDVI is calculated using surface reflectance from the red and near-infrared
bands (Tucker 1979):
NDVI ¼
q NIR À q red
q NIR þ q red
ð5:12Þ
FPAR chl ¼ f EVI
ð
Þ
ð5:13Þ
where EVI directly adjusts the reflectance in the red band as a function of the
reflectance in the blue band, accounting for residual atmospheric contamination
(e.g., aerosols), variable soil, and canopy background reflectance (Huete et al. 1997):
EVI ¼
G q NIR À q red
ð
Þ
q NIR þ C 1 Â q red À C 2 Â q blue
ð
Þ þ L
ð5:14Þ
Table 5.1 A comparison of major model variables among the 10 well-documented Production
Efficiency Models (PEMs)
Model
FPAR
FPAR
estimation
e g or e n
(g C m
-2 MJ
-1
APAR)
E 0 (g C m
-2 MJ
-1
APAR)
Year and
references
CASA
FPAR canopy NDVI
e n = e 0 9 T 9 f
(AET, PET)
0.55
Potter (1999),
Potter et al. (1993)
CASA
FPAR chl
EVI
e n = e 0 9 T 9 f
(AET, PET)
0.389
Potter (2012)
GLOPEM
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0 9 T 9
SM 9 VPD
55.2a
a
, 2.76
b
Prince (1995)
TURC
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0
4.04
Ruimy et al. (1996a, b),
(1994)
MODISPSN
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0 9 T 9 VPD 0.604-1.259
c
Running et al. (2000)
C-Fix
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0 9 T 9 CO 2 1.1
Veroustraete et al.
(2002)
VPM
FPAR chl
EVI
e g = e 0 9 T 9
W 9 P
2.208
d ; 2.484
e
Xiao et al. (2005b)
GR
FPAR chl
VI chl
e g = f (VI chl )
–
Gitelson et al. (2006)
TG
FPAR chl
EVI
e g = f(EVI, LST)
–
Sims et al. (2008),
(2006a)
ECLUE
FPAR canopy NDVI
e g = e 0 9 min(T,
EF)
2.14
Yuan et al (2007),
(2010)
T Air temperature scalar; SM soil moisture scalar; VPD water vapor pressure deficit scalar; AET Actual
Evapotranspiration; PET Potential Evapotranspiration; CO 2 the normalized CO 2 fertilization factor; EF
Evaporative Fraction; LST Land Surface Temperature
a For C3 vegetation, a is quantum yield
b For C4 vegetation
c For 11 standard global biome types
d For evergreen needle leaf forests
e For moist tropical evergreen forests
5 Gross Primary Production of Terrestrial Vegetation
131