Frequency Microwave Radiometer; Fernandez et al. 2006), and comparisons with
scatterometer/model winds (Monaldo et al. 2004; Horstmann et al. 2003). To
determine the accuracy of radar wave measurements, wave measurements from
buoys have been employed as well as comparisons with wave model predictions
(Monaldo and Beal 1998; Kerbaol et al. 2004; Collard et al. 2005, 2009). Comparison of ENVISAT Advanced SAR swell height measurements with co-located
buoy data (within 200 km and 1 h) found RMS error of 0.38 m (Collard
et al. 2009). The comparison data set was limited to SAR images with waves that
were well imaged, having peak wave periods in the 12–18 s range, and with wind
speeds of 3–9 m s
-1 . These restrictions limited contamination by wind sea spectra
and minimized difficulties with measuring short azimuth-traveling waves.
11.4 Conclusion
An understanding of the thermal and radar technologies is paramount for ensuring
appropriate application of the resulting data. Chapters 12 and 13 examine the use
of these systems in the coral reef environment. Chapter 12 provides examples of
available temperature data sets, as well as the use of temperature data in identifying recent trends, and in monitoring and managing coral reef ecosystems.
Chapter 13 illustrates applications of ground- and satellite-based radar systems in
studying and monitoring ocean and atmosphere conditions around coral reefs,
including identification of ocean features, and tracking of biological- and humansourced buoyant matter.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank William Skirving for advice in the initial
layout for this chapter, and Al Strong for helpful comments during the review process. The
manuscript contents are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of
policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the US Government.
Suggested Reading
Barrett EC (1992) Introduction to environmental remote sensing, 3rd edn. Chapman and Hall,
London
Campbell JB (2007) Introduction to remote sensing, 4th edn. The Guildford Press, New York
Jackson CR, Apel JR (eds) (2004) Synthetic aperture radar marine user’s manual. U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington
Robinson IS (1985) Satellite oceanography: an introduction for oceanographers and remotesensing scientists. Ellis Horwood, Chichester
310
S. F. Heron et al.
scatterometer/model winds (Monaldo et al. 2004; Horstmann et al. 2003). To
determine the accuracy of radar wave measurements, wave measurements from
buoys have been employed as well as comparisons with wave model predictions
(Monaldo and Beal 1998; Kerbaol et al. 2004; Collard et al. 2005, 2009). Comparison of ENVISAT Advanced SAR swell height measurements with co-located
buoy data (within 200 km and 1 h) found RMS error of 0.38 m (Collard
et al. 2009). The comparison data set was limited to SAR images with waves that
were well imaged, having peak wave periods in the 12–18 s range, and with wind
speeds of 3–9 m s
-1 . These restrictions limited contamination by wind sea spectra
and minimized difficulties with measuring short azimuth-traveling waves.
11.4 Conclusion
An understanding of the thermal and radar technologies is paramount for ensuring
appropriate application of the resulting data. Chapters 12 and 13 examine the use
of these systems in the coral reef environment. Chapter 12 provides examples of
available temperature data sets, as well as the use of temperature data in identifying recent trends, and in monitoring and managing coral reef ecosystems.
Chapter 13 illustrates applications of ground- and satellite-based radar systems in
studying and monitoring ocean and atmosphere conditions around coral reefs,
including identification of ocean features, and tracking of biological- and humansourced buoyant matter.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank William Skirving for advice in the initial
layout for this chapter, and Al Strong for helpful comments during the review process. The
manuscript contents are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of
policy, decision, or position on behalf of NOAA or the US Government.
Suggested Reading
Barrett EC (1992) Introduction to environmental remote sensing, 3rd edn. Chapman and Hall,
London
Campbell JB (2007) Introduction to remote sensing, 4th edn. The Guildford Press, New York
Jackson CR, Apel JR (eds) (2004) Synthetic aperture radar marine user’s manual. U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington
Robinson IS (1985) Satellite oceanography: an introduction for oceanographers and remotesensing scientists. Ellis Horwood, Chichester
310
S. F. Heron et al.