affect transport. He uses 12 factors as a location of development relative to the
regional urban centre, which reduces vehicle mileage per capita. The higher number
of people or jobs per unit areas reduces vehicle ownership, etc. He mentions that the
actual impacts will vary depending on the specific conditions and combinations of
applied factors. Similar argumentation about the relation between transportation
and land use can be found in (Jacobson 2003) who states that land use type
distribution and transportation systems are interdependent. The affects of various
land use characteristics on travel activity were analyzed in many other publications
(e.g. Barla et al. 2011; Ewing and Cervero 2010; Kuzmyak et al. 2006; Ristima ¨ki
and Kalenoja 2011).
The relation between transport and land use has an impact on business analysis,
especially access management. Banister (2011a) and Banister et al. (2011)
emphasize that transportation infrastructure is one of the crucial phenomena of
economic development, which is a typical feature that changed in two different
political regimes in the Czech Republic. The increasing trend of road traffic is
unsustainable (Banister 2011b) causing high energy consumption. He suggests
reducing energy consumption based on a change of travel habits taking in to
account to land use and its planning.
Some other authors focus on this topic from the point of view of commuting. Ma
and Banister (2007) deal with commuting and its efficiency linked to the urban
form. They take into account excess commuting (additional journey‐to‐work travel
represented by the difference between the actual average commute and the smallest
possible average commute, given the spatial configuration of workplaces and
residential sites). Another type of analysis is of urban expansion by the gradient
analysis of multi-temporal data and the influence of road traffic (Fan et al. 2009).
5.2 Cities in the Czech Republic
A city or town is a geographical area with a set of attributes differentiating it from a
village. These attributes are the relative size of the area if we compare it with
villages, density of population, compactness, and concentration of urban areas.
Inhabitants of cities have typical demographic, social and professional structures, as
their employment is in services, industry, and business offering managing, educational business and cultural functions for larger surrounding areas.
The history of cities in the Czech Republic is similar to other European countries. Multifunctional centralized places came into being during the early Medieval
Ages. Places were more densely occupied and their inhabitants were not employed
in agriculture. These places were situated close to castles or bishop’s seats, and
monasteries in prevailing parts. The other reasons were suitable locations for
mercantile travelling, crossing of paths, places near fords or springs. These centers
accumulated crafts and markets. This city pattern is formed by centralized areas
with many job opportunities and surrounding areas dedicated to residential, productivity and other areas.
5 Influence of Political Regime Change to Land Use Development in Urban. . .
89
regional urban centre, which reduces vehicle mileage per capita. The higher number
of people or jobs per unit areas reduces vehicle ownership, etc. He mentions that the
actual impacts will vary depending on the specific conditions and combinations of
applied factors. Similar argumentation about the relation between transportation
and land use can be found in (Jacobson 2003) who states that land use type
distribution and transportation systems are interdependent. The affects of various
land use characteristics on travel activity were analyzed in many other publications
(e.g. Barla et al. 2011; Ewing and Cervero 2010; Kuzmyak et al. 2006; Ristima ¨ki
and Kalenoja 2011).
The relation between transport and land use has an impact on business analysis,
especially access management. Banister (2011a) and Banister et al. (2011)
emphasize that transportation infrastructure is one of the crucial phenomena of
economic development, which is a typical feature that changed in two different
political regimes in the Czech Republic. The increasing trend of road traffic is
unsustainable (Banister 2011b) causing high energy consumption. He suggests
reducing energy consumption based on a change of travel habits taking in to
account to land use and its planning.
Some other authors focus on this topic from the point of view of commuting. Ma
and Banister (2007) deal with commuting and its efficiency linked to the urban
form. They take into account excess commuting (additional journey‐to‐work travel
represented by the difference between the actual average commute and the smallest
possible average commute, given the spatial configuration of workplaces and
residential sites). Another type of analysis is of urban expansion by the gradient
analysis of multi-temporal data and the influence of road traffic (Fan et al. 2009).
5.2 Cities in the Czech Republic
A city or town is a geographical area with a set of attributes differentiating it from a
village. These attributes are the relative size of the area if we compare it with
villages, density of population, compactness, and concentration of urban areas.
Inhabitants of cities have typical demographic, social and professional structures, as
their employment is in services, industry, and business offering managing, educational business and cultural functions for larger surrounding areas.
The history of cities in the Czech Republic is similar to other European countries. Multifunctional centralized places came into being during the early Medieval
Ages. Places were more densely occupied and their inhabitants were not employed
in agriculture. These places were situated close to castles or bishop’s seats, and
monasteries in prevailing parts. The other reasons were suitable locations for
mercantile travelling, crossing of paths, places near fords or springs. These centers
accumulated crafts and markets. This city pattern is formed by centralized areas
with many job opportunities and surrounding areas dedicated to residential, productivity and other areas.
5 Influence of Political Regime Change to Land Use Development in Urban. . .
89