same time, it has supported the theory of Shortis et al. (2006) that digital cameras
equipped with zoom lenses may be used in photogrammetry practice with the
exception of projects with high precision demands.
For the Al-Qala citadel, there are distinctive benefits:
• A combination of different imagery types for a historic monument modeling;
• A visualization of the model with photo textures using precise methods;
• Model precision analysis;
• Information system creation consisting of a 3D model and a database;
• Information system establishment designed for archaeological data storing and
managing, promotion of the monument;
• The first documentation of the Citadel, though it is an important historical
monument that was placed on the UNESCO list of endangered historic sites;
• The project can serve as an example of documentation obtained in hard conditions in a developing country. It may show a possibility of development of a
commonly usable technology for creating such systems of historical object
documentation;
• The project fulfilled the requirements of precision – a point error of 0.5 m
(standard deviation). Points in the PhotoModeler project have standard deviation
of 14 cm (internal project precision). Taking into account the data from geodetical surveying, the estimated accuracy of point measurement is 45 cm; and
• A way to orient an irregular set of oblique aerial and terrestrial images together
with a satellite image was found. To solve such a large project meant to find a
solution for a system of equations with thousands of unknowns. Suitable software, such as PhotoModeler, was chosen and special sequences of operations
were kept.
3.6 Conclusions
The use of satellite or aerial images provides a low-cost, non-contact and complex
overview for city planners and managers from comprehensive areas. This chapter
discusses the combined use of maps and sketches, declassified satellite data and
new satellite data for city growth documentation. As a case project, the city of Erbil,
Iraq was selected. This is an example of the mapping of urban dynamics based on
land cover/land use analysis. It can be helpful not only for the documentation of
Erbil in the past, but also for sustainable city development, especially in developing
countries, where the growth of cities is very rapid and there aren’t precise urban
plans, maps or documentation. The processing of historical and on-going satellite
images can partially solve this problem. The presented project is focused on city
growth monitoring based on the processing of historical sketches, old aerial images,
military declassified satellite images and new satellite images. In many countries,
there are no historical data for long-term area development monitoring at our
disposal. For this reason, declassified military satellite images give us the
3 Combining Different Data Sources for City Growth Analysis. . .
59
equipped with zoom lenses may be used in photogrammetry practice with the
exception of projects with high precision demands.
For the Al-Qala citadel, there are distinctive benefits:
• A combination of different imagery types for a historic monument modeling;
• A visualization of the model with photo textures using precise methods;
• Model precision analysis;
• Information system creation consisting of a 3D model and a database;
• Information system establishment designed for archaeological data storing and
managing, promotion of the monument;
• The first documentation of the Citadel, though it is an important historical
monument that was placed on the UNESCO list of endangered historic sites;
• The project can serve as an example of documentation obtained in hard conditions in a developing country. It may show a possibility of development of a
commonly usable technology for creating such systems of historical object
documentation;
• The project fulfilled the requirements of precision – a point error of 0.5 m
(standard deviation). Points in the PhotoModeler project have standard deviation
of 14 cm (internal project precision). Taking into account the data from geodetical surveying, the estimated accuracy of point measurement is 45 cm; and
• A way to orient an irregular set of oblique aerial and terrestrial images together
with a satellite image was found. To solve such a large project meant to find a
solution for a system of equations with thousands of unknowns. Suitable software, such as PhotoModeler, was chosen and special sequences of operations
were kept.
3.6 Conclusions
The use of satellite or aerial images provides a low-cost, non-contact and complex
overview for city planners and managers from comprehensive areas. This chapter
discusses the combined use of maps and sketches, declassified satellite data and
new satellite data for city growth documentation. As a case project, the city of Erbil,
Iraq was selected. This is an example of the mapping of urban dynamics based on
land cover/land use analysis. It can be helpful not only for the documentation of
Erbil in the past, but also for sustainable city development, especially in developing
countries, where the growth of cities is very rapid and there aren’t precise urban
plans, maps or documentation. The processing of historical and on-going satellite
images can partially solve this problem. The presented project is focused on city
growth monitoring based on the processing of historical sketches, old aerial images,
military declassified satellite images and new satellite images. In many countries,
there are no historical data for long-term area development monitoring at our
disposal. For this reason, declassified military satellite images give us the
3 Combining Different Data Sources for City Growth Analysis. . .
59