A number of historically valuable sites have been destroyed through quick construction. The majority of finances is intended for economic activity. Planned,
responsive and sustainable development of the city is very problematic and hints
inter alia on lack of information about the state of the city (actual maps and plans).
3.3.3.1 Photogrammetry
A calibrated digital reflex camera (Canon 20D) with 8 MPix resolution was used for
the photogrammetric survey. A wide-range 22 mm lens was employed for terrestrial
images and a 17 mm lens was used for aerial photographs. Terrestrial images were
taken during several days in different times of the day to avoid the influence of sun
and shadows. Approximately 1,000 terrestrial photographs of the Citadel’s fortification and interior were acquired. Of course, not all photographs were processed
using intersection photogrammetry.
Terrestrial images taken from peripheral communication were not sufficient for
3D model creation, so aerial images had to be acquired. Considering the fact that
Iraq is a no-flight zone, it was very hard to perform aerial imaging. Historical
photographs do not exist or are not available, so finally a short flight by an
American army helicopter was arranged. During this flight more than 80 photographs of the Citadel’s fortifications were taken and then used for intersection
photogrammetry. Unfortunately no perpendicular images of the interior were
acquired, so QuickBird satellite images were used for basic photo plan and vector
plan of the Citadel.
In the case of the new mapping of the Al-Qala Citadel, the intersection photogrammetry was used as a base photogrammetric method for the creation of the 3D
model. It means that about 150 terrestrial and 80 aerial images (see Figs. 3.6 and 3.7)
around the Citadel were selected. Only a part (images with good intersecting axis)
from this set was processed in Photomodeler software to the 3D model. Only good
visible outside facades and big houses inside were processed in real 3D. Next, parts
of the Citadel were constructed from a plain vector map (H€ ohle 2013).
3.3.3.2 Satellite Images
Unfortunately, no perpendicular images of the interior were acquired during the
helicopter flight, so QuickBird satellite images were used for the basic photo plan
and vector plan of the Citadel (see Fig. 3.8). Histogram adjustments, filtration
methods and resampling to 25 cm pixel size were performed on the satellite image.
3.3.3.3 Geodetic Survey
The interior of the citadel is a set of temporary shelters and building ruins that are
connected by winding aisles no more than 1–2 m wide. The axis of the Citadel is a
50
K. Pavelka and E. Matous ˇkova ´
responsive and sustainable development of the city is very problematic and hints
inter alia on lack of information about the state of the city (actual maps and plans).
3.3.3.1 Photogrammetry
A calibrated digital reflex camera (Canon 20D) with 8 MPix resolution was used for
the photogrammetric survey. A wide-range 22 mm lens was employed for terrestrial
images and a 17 mm lens was used for aerial photographs. Terrestrial images were
taken during several days in different times of the day to avoid the influence of sun
and shadows. Approximately 1,000 terrestrial photographs of the Citadel’s fortification and interior were acquired. Of course, not all photographs were processed
using intersection photogrammetry.
Terrestrial images taken from peripheral communication were not sufficient for
3D model creation, so aerial images had to be acquired. Considering the fact that
Iraq is a no-flight zone, it was very hard to perform aerial imaging. Historical
photographs do not exist or are not available, so finally a short flight by an
American army helicopter was arranged. During this flight more than 80 photographs of the Citadel’s fortifications were taken and then used for intersection
photogrammetry. Unfortunately no perpendicular images of the interior were
acquired, so QuickBird satellite images were used for basic photo plan and vector
plan of the Citadel.
In the case of the new mapping of the Al-Qala Citadel, the intersection photogrammetry was used as a base photogrammetric method for the creation of the 3D
model. It means that about 150 terrestrial and 80 aerial images (see Figs. 3.6 and 3.7)
around the Citadel were selected. Only a part (images with good intersecting axis)
from this set was processed in Photomodeler software to the 3D model. Only good
visible outside facades and big houses inside were processed in real 3D. Next, parts
of the Citadel were constructed from a plain vector map (H€ ohle 2013).
3.3.3.2 Satellite Images
Unfortunately, no perpendicular images of the interior were acquired during the
helicopter flight, so QuickBird satellite images were used for the basic photo plan
and vector plan of the Citadel (see Fig. 3.8). Histogram adjustments, filtration
methods and resampling to 25 cm pixel size were performed on the satellite image.
3.3.3.3 Geodetic Survey
The interior of the citadel is a set of temporary shelters and building ruins that are
connected by winding aisles no more than 1–2 m wide. The axis of the Citadel is a
50
K. Pavelka and E. Matous ˇkova ´