3.1.5 Monitoring Urban Dynamics
In 1998 the project called “Monitoring Urban Dynamics” was launched by the
Centre of Earth Research, Ispra, Italy (CEO, The Centre for Earth Observation).
The aim was to compare four periods of city growth with satellite images or aerial
photographs. The project was based on photogrammetric method to produce
orthophotos with subsequent manual processing of image content under interpretative key of CORINE Land Cover program, with an enlargement in the first class,
i.e. urban areas. The goal was to find information potential of archive black and
white aerial photographs, as well as opportunities and challenges of the thematic
content processing.
As already mentioned, the manual interpretation technology had to be used
because automatic procedures cannot be employed due to a high number of
classification classes and their specifications. For example, it would be extremely
difficult to separate simply parks, cemeteries, orchards and small vegetation or
various kinds of industrial areas through an automatic approach. But this can be
done with the combined use of the experience of an interpreter and auxiliary
information such as maps and logical relations for the analysis. In general, automatic classification of historic black and white images is not quite capable
(Halounova ´ 2004a, b, c).
3.1.6 Photogrammetry and 3D Modeling
Photogrammetry encompasses image measurement and interpretation methods to
derive the object shape and location from one or more photographs (Remondino
and El-Hakim 2006). It is a non-contact measurement technique. A primary purpose of photogrammety is to construct a three dimensional model of an object in
digital or paper formats (Apollonio et al. 2013). The photograph or image represents a store of information, which can be re-accessed at any time.
The photogrammetric process can be a source of 3D data of an object
(e.g. building), and 3D visualization methods can generate a photo realistic representation of the data (Grussenmeyer et al. 2008). These models have many practical
applications, in addition to the purely aesthetic effect. In close-range photogrammetry, the main focus of 3D visualization is the representation of photogrammetrically reconstructed real objects (Hanzalova ´ and Pavelka 2013). In general, 3D
graphics or CAD programs are used here to provide additional elements and
graphical editing of the 3D data (Gruen 2008).
40
K. Pavelka and E. Matous ˇkova ´
In 1998 the project called “Monitoring Urban Dynamics” was launched by the
Centre of Earth Research, Ispra, Italy (CEO, The Centre for Earth Observation).
The aim was to compare four periods of city growth with satellite images or aerial
photographs. The project was based on photogrammetric method to produce
orthophotos with subsequent manual processing of image content under interpretative key of CORINE Land Cover program, with an enlargement in the first class,
i.e. urban areas. The goal was to find information potential of archive black and
white aerial photographs, as well as opportunities and challenges of the thematic
content processing.
As already mentioned, the manual interpretation technology had to be used
because automatic procedures cannot be employed due to a high number of
classification classes and their specifications. For example, it would be extremely
difficult to separate simply parks, cemeteries, orchards and small vegetation or
various kinds of industrial areas through an automatic approach. But this can be
done with the combined use of the experience of an interpreter and auxiliary
information such as maps and logical relations for the analysis. In general, automatic classification of historic black and white images is not quite capable
(Halounova ´ 2004a, b, c).
3.1.6 Photogrammetry and 3D Modeling
Photogrammetry encompasses image measurement and interpretation methods to
derive the object shape and location from one or more photographs (Remondino
and El-Hakim 2006). It is a non-contact measurement technique. A primary purpose of photogrammety is to construct a three dimensional model of an object in
digital or paper formats (Apollonio et al. 2013). The photograph or image represents a store of information, which can be re-accessed at any time.
The photogrammetric process can be a source of 3D data of an object
(e.g. building), and 3D visualization methods can generate a photo realistic representation of the data (Grussenmeyer et al. 2008). These models have many practical
applications, in addition to the purely aesthetic effect. In close-range photogrammetry, the main focus of 3D visualization is the representation of photogrammetrically reconstructed real objects (Hanzalova ´ and Pavelka 2013). In general, 3D
graphics or CAD programs are used here to provide additional elements and
graphical editing of the 3D data (Gruen 2008).
40
K. Pavelka and E. Matous ˇkova ´