features and manmade objects is closely related to the oblique viewing geometry of
the radar. the shape of radar shadows gives an indication of the terrain type,
whereby the length of the shadow may provide an estimate of terrain height.
Likewise, the shape of radar shadowing may be used to infer the spatial form, as
in the shadow projection of the crest line of a mountain range.
14.7.4 Association
Many features or objects are so closely interrelated that one tends to indicate, or
confirm, the other. An interpreter of a radar image can often derive additional
information about a feature of interest by examining associated elements. Elements
usually associated with it may provide valuable clues for the presence of this feature
even if it is obscured. Take the example of a ship at sea. Imaging radar may detect
the characteristic V-shape of the ship’s bow wake, but the signature of the ship itself
may be difficult to detect. Therefore, the term association refers to a situation where
a feature is not recorded or only poorly displayed on the radar image, but where
some of its attributes are recorded to allow the detection of the latent features.
References
Ali SA, Pirasteh S (2004) Geological application of Landsat Etm for mapping structural geology
and interpretation: aided by remote sensing and GIS. Int J Remote Sens 25(21):4715–4727
Amani A, Mansor S, Biswajeet P, Lawal B, Pirasteh S (2013) Coupling effect of ozone column and
atmospheric infrared sounder data reveal evidence of earthquake precursor phenomena of Bam
earthquake. Iran Arab J Geosci. doi:10.1007/s12517-013-0877-6
Avery TE, Berlin GL (1992) Fundamentals of remote sensing and air photo interpretation, 5th edn.
Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, p 472
Bu¨rgmann R, Rosen PA, Fielding EJ (2000) Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure
earth’s surface topography and its deformation. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 28:169–209
Canada Center for Remote Sensing (CCRS) (2006) Fundamentals of remote sensing: teacher
notes, p. 258
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) (2004) Radar remote sensing training package
(GlobeSAR-2), educational resources for radar remote sensing, p. 955
Canadian Space Agency (CSA) (2007) Radarsat 2: a new satellite, a new vision, catalogue, p. 13
D’Iorio MA, Budkewitsch P, Mahmood NN (1997) Practical considerations for geological investigations using RADARSAT-1 stereo image pairs in tropical environments, geomatics in the
era of RADARSAT, proceedings, Ottawa, Canada, 27–30 May 1997, Paper #233, pp: 9
Drury SA (1987) Radar remote sensing. In: Image interpretation in geology, London, Allen Unwin
Pub., 165–174 (3rd Edition)
Fawwaz T. Ulaby (1989) Handbook of radar scattering statistics for terrain (Artech house remote
sensing library), Artech House (March 1, 1989), Library of Congress Cataloging, USA
Fielding EJ, Lundgren PR, Bu ¨rgmann R, Funning GJ (2009) Shallow fault-zone dilatancy recovery after the 2003 Bam earthquake in Iran, Nature, 458:64–68. doi:10.1038/nature07817
Ghandeharian B, Yazdi Hadi S, Homayouni F (2009) Modified adaptive center eighted median
filter for uppressing impulsive noise in images. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci 1(3):218–227
298
S. Pirasteh et al.
the radar. the shape of radar shadows gives an indication of the terrain type,
whereby the length of the shadow may provide an estimate of terrain height.
Likewise, the shape of radar shadowing may be used to infer the spatial form, as
in the shadow projection of the crest line of a mountain range.
14.7.4 Association
Many features or objects are so closely interrelated that one tends to indicate, or
confirm, the other. An interpreter of a radar image can often derive additional
information about a feature of interest by examining associated elements. Elements
usually associated with it may provide valuable clues for the presence of this feature
even if it is obscured. Take the example of a ship at sea. Imaging radar may detect
the characteristic V-shape of the ship’s bow wake, but the signature of the ship itself
may be difficult to detect. Therefore, the term association refers to a situation where
a feature is not recorded or only poorly displayed on the radar image, but where
some of its attributes are recorded to allow the detection of the latent features.
References
Ali SA, Pirasteh S (2004) Geological application of Landsat Etm for mapping structural geology
and interpretation: aided by remote sensing and GIS. Int J Remote Sens 25(21):4715–4727
Amani A, Mansor S, Biswajeet P, Lawal B, Pirasteh S (2013) Coupling effect of ozone column and
atmospheric infrared sounder data reveal evidence of earthquake precursor phenomena of Bam
earthquake. Iran Arab J Geosci. doi:10.1007/s12517-013-0877-6
Avery TE, Berlin GL (1992) Fundamentals of remote sensing and air photo interpretation, 5th edn.
Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, p 472
Bu¨rgmann R, Rosen PA, Fielding EJ (2000) Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure
earth’s surface topography and its deformation. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 28:169–209
Canada Center for Remote Sensing (CCRS) (2006) Fundamentals of remote sensing: teacher
notes, p. 258
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) (2004) Radar remote sensing training package
(GlobeSAR-2), educational resources for radar remote sensing, p. 955
Canadian Space Agency (CSA) (2007) Radarsat 2: a new satellite, a new vision, catalogue, p. 13
D’Iorio MA, Budkewitsch P, Mahmood NN (1997) Practical considerations for geological investigations using RADARSAT-1 stereo image pairs in tropical environments, geomatics in the
era of RADARSAT, proceedings, Ottawa, Canada, 27–30 May 1997, Paper #233, pp: 9
Drury SA (1987) Radar remote sensing. In: Image interpretation in geology, London, Allen Unwin
Pub., 165–174 (3rd Edition)
Fawwaz T. Ulaby (1989) Handbook of radar scattering statistics for terrain (Artech house remote
sensing library), Artech House (March 1, 1989), Library of Congress Cataloging, USA
Fielding EJ, Lundgren PR, Bu ¨rgmann R, Funning GJ (2009) Shallow fault-zone dilatancy recovery after the 2003 Bam earthquake in Iran, Nature, 458:64–68. doi:10.1038/nature07817
Ghandeharian B, Yazdi Hadi S, Homayouni F (2009) Modified adaptive center eighted median
filter for uppressing impulsive noise in images. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci 1(3):218–227
298
S. Pirasteh et al.