operators are obligated to purchase electricity generated from renewable energy
including solar photovoltaic (PV) power from suppliers for fixed feed-in tariff
prices. The prices are higher than normal contractual prices and are applicable for
a fixed duration of 10 years in case of residential PV power.
This regime is widely expected to spur the introduction of PV panels and electric
vehicles (EVs). If EVs were introduced in sets with PVs, they would be useful for
zero-emission power generation. They would also serve as a power storage facility
in the form of mobile batteries in the case of a blackout since they are disconnected
by the loss of AC power (Yamagata and Seya 2013). It means that the introduction
of PVs and EVs can contribute not only to climate change mitigation but also to
resilience from the energy-use perspective if they will be used as an off-grid power
source.
In the Yamagata and Seya (2013) scenarios, it was expected that EVs and PV
panels will be widely diffused in 2050. This paper considered the large-scale
introduction of EVs and PV panels on the roofs of detached houses as a mitigation
measure. Taniguchi and Ochiai (2011) evaluated the suitability of smart grids with
an emphasis on the characteristics of each block and the behavior of residents and
households on a residential block scale, on the premise of existing technological
level. Taniguchi and Ochiai (2012) analyzed the influence of future technological
innovation on the suitability of smart grids on a block scale. Yokoi et al. (2010)
estimated the CO 2 reduction potential of smart grids considering plans of block
renewal on a regional scale. It is important to evaluate the CO 2 reduction potential
combining both the large-scale introduction of smart grids and land-use change,
namely considering not only climate change mitigation but also adaptation.
12.1.4 Our Approach for Integrated CO 2 Emission
Assessment Model
In this chapter, we introduce our integrated model for the assessment of indirect and
direct CO 2 emissions and some results in terms of the interaction between climate
change mitigation and flood risk adaptation. The objective of this study is to
develop an integrated evaluation system for direct/indirect CO 2 emissions under
several urban land-use scenarios (Yamagata and Seya 2013; Yamagata et al. 2013)
which consider (i) land-use change (a compact city and retreat from flood-hazard
areas) and (ii) introduction of EVs and PVs by using GIS, in order to assess the
co-benefits or trade-offs of mitigation and adaptation. This study integrates an
estimation model for direct/indirect CO 2 emissions with spatially explicit landuse scenarios at a local town level. In this study, the Tokyo Metropolitan Area,
which is still by far the largest megacity in the world, was selected as a case study
for the application of the developed evaluation system.
12 An Integrated Model for Assessing Carbon Dioxide Emissions Considering. . .
245
including solar photovoltaic (PV) power from suppliers for fixed feed-in tariff
prices. The prices are higher than normal contractual prices and are applicable for
a fixed duration of 10 years in case of residential PV power.
This regime is widely expected to spur the introduction of PV panels and electric
vehicles (EVs). If EVs were introduced in sets with PVs, they would be useful for
zero-emission power generation. They would also serve as a power storage facility
in the form of mobile batteries in the case of a blackout since they are disconnected
by the loss of AC power (Yamagata and Seya 2013). It means that the introduction
of PVs and EVs can contribute not only to climate change mitigation but also to
resilience from the energy-use perspective if they will be used as an off-grid power
source.
In the Yamagata and Seya (2013) scenarios, it was expected that EVs and PV
panels will be widely diffused in 2050. This paper considered the large-scale
introduction of EVs and PV panels on the roofs of detached houses as a mitigation
measure. Taniguchi and Ochiai (2011) evaluated the suitability of smart grids with
an emphasis on the characteristics of each block and the behavior of residents and
households on a residential block scale, on the premise of existing technological
level. Taniguchi and Ochiai (2012) analyzed the influence of future technological
innovation on the suitability of smart grids on a block scale. Yokoi et al. (2010)
estimated the CO 2 reduction potential of smart grids considering plans of block
renewal on a regional scale. It is important to evaluate the CO 2 reduction potential
combining both the large-scale introduction of smart grids and land-use change,
namely considering not only climate change mitigation but also adaptation.
12.1.4 Our Approach for Integrated CO 2 Emission
Assessment Model
In this chapter, we introduce our integrated model for the assessment of indirect and
direct CO 2 emissions and some results in terms of the interaction between climate
change mitigation and flood risk adaptation. The objective of this study is to
develop an integrated evaluation system for direct/indirect CO 2 emissions under
several urban land-use scenarios (Yamagata and Seya 2013; Yamagata et al. 2013)
which consider (i) land-use change (a compact city and retreat from flood-hazard
areas) and (ii) introduction of EVs and PVs by using GIS, in order to assess the
co-benefits or trade-offs of mitigation and adaptation. This study integrates an
estimation model for direct/indirect CO 2 emissions with spatially explicit landuse scenarios at a local town level. In this study, the Tokyo Metropolitan Area,
which is still by far the largest megacity in the world, was selected as a case study
for the application of the developed evaluation system.
12 An Integrated Model for Assessing Carbon Dioxide Emissions Considering. . .
245