220
Summarizing Conclusions
Sweden has an elaborate system for the surveillance, monitoring and management
of large carnivores, in part because it is demanded by the compensation system for
reindeer herding. As Sweden has five different species of carnivores to deal with in
landscapes which differ in climate, topography, vegetation, human population
density and infrastructure, a whole battery of different methods has to be used.
Cooperation with Norway is essential, as large carnivore populations are crossboundary and Scandinavian rather than Swedish or Norwegian. The surveillance
system is expensive and costs about 5 million Euros in Sweden annually, but the
results obtained are of high quality. Tight cooperation between management and
research contributes to the up-dated quality and effectiveness of the system.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to Peter Jaxgård for providing information on Rovbase, to
Linda Backlund for directing us to surveillance photos of wolverines, and to Edith Marie Pasquier
and Clive Hurford for commenting on the manuscript. We are also grateful to all those people who
work with carnivore surveillance in Scandinavia.
References
Ahlgren, C.-G. (ed.): The Golden Eagle in Sweden 2015. Kungsörnen, 2015, 11–19 (2015)
(in Swedish with English summary)
Åkesson, M.: Technical report on genetic analyses of wolves in Sweden 2016. Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences (2017) (in Swedish)
Åkesson, M., Svensson, L.: Compilation of the pedigree of the Scandinavian wolf population until
2014. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2015) (in Swedish)
Andrén, H., et al.: Estimating total lynx Lynx lynx population size from censuses of family groups.
Wildl. Biol. 8, 299–306 (2002)
Aronson, Å.: Tracks and tracking of large carnivores. Swedish Wildlife Damage Center, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan (2011) (In Swedish)
Dahl, E.L., Nilsen, E.B, Brøseth, H., Tovmo, M.: Estimating the number of breeding pairs of
golden eagle based on known occurrence in Norway for the period 2010–2014. NINA Report
1158. 23 pp (2015) (in Norwegian with English summary)
Dettki, H., Brode, M., Clegg, I., Giles, T., Hallgren, J.: Wireless Remote Animal Monitoring
(WRAM) – A new international database e-infrastructure for management and sharing of
telemetry sensor data from fish and wildlife. In: Ames, D.P., Quinn, N.W.T., Rizzoli, A.E. (eds.)
Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, June
15–19, pp. 122–128. San Diego, California (2014)
Ekenstedt, J., Schneider, M.: The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the North Calotte Area
1990-2007. Report No. 55, The North Calotte Council (2008)
Ericsson, G., Sandström, C.: Partial report on the attitudes of Swedes towards carnivore politics
and management. FjällMistra-report nr. 10 (2005) (in Swedish)
Ericsson, G., Sandström, C., Kindberg, J., Støen, O.-G.: On the fear of Swedes of large carnivores,
moose and wild boar. Report 2010:1, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2010) (In Swedish)
Gervasi, V., Odden, J., Linnell, J. D. C., Persson, J., Andrén, H., Brøseth, H.: Re-evaluation of distance criteria for classification of lynx family groups in Scandinavia. NINA report 965 (2013)
(In Norwegian with English summary)
M. Schneider and H. Dettki
Summarizing Conclusions
Sweden has an elaborate system for the surveillance, monitoring and management
of large carnivores, in part because it is demanded by the compensation system for
reindeer herding. As Sweden has five different species of carnivores to deal with in
landscapes which differ in climate, topography, vegetation, human population
density and infrastructure, a whole battery of different methods has to be used.
Cooperation with Norway is essential, as large carnivore populations are crossboundary and Scandinavian rather than Swedish or Norwegian. The surveillance
system is expensive and costs about 5 million Euros in Sweden annually, but the
results obtained are of high quality. Tight cooperation between management and
research contributes to the up-dated quality and effectiveness of the system.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to Peter Jaxgård for providing information on Rovbase, to
Linda Backlund for directing us to surveillance photos of wolverines, and to Edith Marie Pasquier
and Clive Hurford for commenting on the manuscript. We are also grateful to all those people who
work with carnivore surveillance in Scandinavia.
References
Ahlgren, C.-G. (ed.): The Golden Eagle in Sweden 2015. Kungsörnen, 2015, 11–19 (2015)
(in Swedish with English summary)
Åkesson, M.: Technical report on genetic analyses of wolves in Sweden 2016. Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences (2017) (in Swedish)
Åkesson, M., Svensson, L.: Compilation of the pedigree of the Scandinavian wolf population until
2014. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2015) (in Swedish)
Andrén, H., et al.: Estimating total lynx Lynx lynx population size from censuses of family groups.
Wildl. Biol. 8, 299–306 (2002)
Aronson, Å.: Tracks and tracking of large carnivores. Swedish Wildlife Damage Center, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan (2011) (In Swedish)
Dahl, E.L., Nilsen, E.B, Brøseth, H., Tovmo, M.: Estimating the number of breeding pairs of
golden eagle based on known occurrence in Norway for the period 2010–2014. NINA Report
1158. 23 pp (2015) (in Norwegian with English summary)
Dettki, H., Brode, M., Clegg, I., Giles, T., Hallgren, J.: Wireless Remote Animal Monitoring
(WRAM) – A new international database e-infrastructure for management and sharing of
telemetry sensor data from fish and wildlife. In: Ames, D.P., Quinn, N.W.T., Rizzoli, A.E. (eds.)
Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, June
15–19, pp. 122–128. San Diego, California (2014)
Ekenstedt, J., Schneider, M.: The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the North Calotte Area
1990-2007. Report No. 55, The North Calotte Council (2008)
Ericsson, G., Sandström, C.: Partial report on the attitudes of Swedes towards carnivore politics
and management. FjällMistra-report nr. 10 (2005) (in Swedish)
Ericsson, G., Sandström, C., Kindberg, J., Støen, O.-G.: On the fear of Swedes of large carnivores,
moose and wild boar. Report 2010:1, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2010) (In Swedish)
Gervasi, V., Odden, J., Linnell, J. D. C., Persson, J., Andrén, H., Brøseth, H.: Re-evaluation of distance criteria for classification of lynx family groups in Scandinavia. NINA report 965 (2013)
(In Norwegian with English summary)
M. Schneider and H. Dettki