and Mitsumata 2008), and can reach up to USD 560 per kg, depending on the
quality and country of origin (Wang et al. 1997). The annual consumption of
matsutake in Japan has been estimated to be in the order of around 3,000 tons
(Saito and Mitsumata 2008). Currently, it is not possible to cultivate the matsutake.
However, some advances have been carried out, which include the production of
mycorrhizal plants in vitro conditions, either as a consequence of inoculation with
mycelium or, similarly than in the case of truffles, through the sowing of seedlings
on adult colonized trees.
The chanterelle (C. cibarius s.l.) is probably the most popular edible wild
mushroom in the world, the value of its international market has been estimated
annually in more than USD$1.67 billion (Watling 1997). There are specialized
companies that commercialized sporomes of chanterelles with specific sizes and
particular presentations, either fresh, frozen, or salted, originated from specific
areas for example from eastern Europe (Ecolink 2013). Despite the fact that
chanterelle has defied cultivation until now, some advances have been produced
(Danell and Fries 1990). Danell and Camacho (1997) produced experimentally
sporomes of C. cibarius in 16 months old inoculated pines (Pinus sylvestris) in
greenhouse. It has been considered that one of the reason related with the difficulties to cultivate mycelium, and to inoculate afterwards their associated tree
hosts, is the abundant presence of bacteria which frequently overgrow the mycelium of chanterelle in culture media and include species of Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Xanthomonas, and Bacillus, which population size can be up to 2000
times higher than in other mushrooms such as Agaricus (Rangel-Castro et al. 2002;
Danell et al. 1993).
Yun and Hall (2004), based on information from Honrubia, pointed out that
plantations of the shrub Helianthemum inoculated with Terfezia in Spain, are able
to produce sporomes 2 years after inoculation, with yields ranging from 50 to
170 kg per ha, and in irrigated farms yield increases of up to 300 kg per ha could
be achieved. The potential of development of cultivation of desert truffles on
semidesert areas has currently a growing interest.
Trees inoculated with other important EEMs have produced sporomes under
field conditions including L. deliciosus (Guerin-Laguette personal communication),
Suillus luteus (Chapela et al. 2001), and Suillus granulatus (Poitou et al. 1989).
Additionally, some advances in the cultivation of Lyophyllum shimeji have been
carried out (Yamanaka 2008). However, the cultivation of EEMs in commercial
plantations, except those of truffles, despite their enormous environmental, social,
and economic importance is still in its infancy.
6.5 Advances in Mexico
Currently, one of the main environmental problems in third-world countries,
including Mexico, is the high deforestation rate, with the consequent increased
greenhouse gas emission and their contribution to global change. For example, in
6 Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
207
quality and country of origin (Wang et al. 1997). The annual consumption of
matsutake in Japan has been estimated to be in the order of around 3,000 tons
(Saito and Mitsumata 2008). Currently, it is not possible to cultivate the matsutake.
However, some advances have been carried out, which include the production of
mycorrhizal plants in vitro conditions, either as a consequence of inoculation with
mycelium or, similarly than in the case of truffles, through the sowing of seedlings
on adult colonized trees.
The chanterelle (C. cibarius s.l.) is probably the most popular edible wild
mushroom in the world, the value of its international market has been estimated
annually in more than USD$1.67 billion (Watling 1997). There are specialized
companies that commercialized sporomes of chanterelles with specific sizes and
particular presentations, either fresh, frozen, or salted, originated from specific
areas for example from eastern Europe (Ecolink 2013). Despite the fact that
chanterelle has defied cultivation until now, some advances have been produced
(Danell and Fries 1990). Danell and Camacho (1997) produced experimentally
sporomes of C. cibarius in 16 months old inoculated pines (Pinus sylvestris) in
greenhouse. It has been considered that one of the reason related with the difficulties to cultivate mycelium, and to inoculate afterwards their associated tree
hosts, is the abundant presence of bacteria which frequently overgrow the mycelium of chanterelle in culture media and include species of Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Xanthomonas, and Bacillus, which population size can be up to 2000
times higher than in other mushrooms such as Agaricus (Rangel-Castro et al. 2002;
Danell et al. 1993).
Yun and Hall (2004), based on information from Honrubia, pointed out that
plantations of the shrub Helianthemum inoculated with Terfezia in Spain, are able
to produce sporomes 2 years after inoculation, with yields ranging from 50 to
170 kg per ha, and in irrigated farms yield increases of up to 300 kg per ha could
be achieved. The potential of development of cultivation of desert truffles on
semidesert areas has currently a growing interest.
Trees inoculated with other important EEMs have produced sporomes under
field conditions including L. deliciosus (Guerin-Laguette personal communication),
Suillus luteus (Chapela et al. 2001), and Suillus granulatus (Poitou et al. 1989).
Additionally, some advances in the cultivation of Lyophyllum shimeji have been
carried out (Yamanaka 2008). However, the cultivation of EEMs in commercial
plantations, except those of truffles, despite their enormous environmental, social,
and economic importance is still in its infancy.
6.5 Advances in Mexico
Currently, one of the main environmental problems in third-world countries,
including Mexico, is the high deforestation rate, with the consequent increased
greenhouse gas emission and their contribution to global change. For example, in
6 Edible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
207