L. deliciosus, are an important source of bioactive compounds with potential
hypocholesterolemic activity including ergosterol derivatives and b-glucans
(Gil-Ramírez et al. 2011; Table 6.2).
6.2.6 Anti-Inflammatory
Another important function of some edible EEMs is their anti-inflammatory
activity. Due to the fact that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis
of important diseases including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis (Libby 2008),
diabetes (Wellen and Hotamisligil 2005), neurodegenerative diseases (Amor et al.
2010), obesity (Skalicky et al. 2008), and some cancers (Kraus and Arber 2009:
Shacter and Weitzman 2002), currently there is an increasing interest in the finding
of natural products with anti-inflammatory effects. Some edible mushrooms
have demonstrated to be an important source of bioactive compounds with
anti-inflammatory activities (Lull et al. 2005). Nitha et al. (2007) reported an
anti-inflammatory activity in extracts from culture mycelium of the ‘‘yellow
morel’’ (M. esculenta). Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) is a proinflammatory
cytokine that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, it can induce production of other cytokines and immune responses. Dysregulated TNF-a production is implicated in many diseases such as rheumatoid
arthritis, a disease in which TNF-a is present in higher concentration than normal.
Ye et al. (2012) demonstrated that vialinin A is an extremely potent inhibitor
against TNF-a, similarly than thelephantin G (Ye et al. 2009a, b). Previously, Xie
et al. (2006) isolated a novel compound designated vialinin B, from sporomes of
the edible mushroom T. vialis, and demonstrated that also potently inhibits TNF-a
production in RBL-2H3 cells (IC50 = 0.02 nM) and is a promising antiallergic
agent, similarly than vialinin A (Onose et al. 2008). Recently, it has been shown
that vialinin A, isolated from the EEMs Thelephora vialis and T. aurantiotincta,
also is a potent anti-inflammatory agents and that it exhibits more effective antiinflammatory activity than the widely used immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus
(FK506) (Okada et al. 2013). Moro et al. (2012) found that some popular EEMs
worldwide including the ‘‘chanterelle’’ (C. cibarius), the ‘‘saffron milk cap’’
(L. deliciosus) and the ‘‘black chanterelle’’ (C. cornucopioides) showed a potent
anti-inflammatory activities by inhibition of nitric oxide production and iNOS,
IL-1b and IL6 mRNAs expression in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
Also, some b-D-glucans with potential anti-inflammatory activities were recently
isolated and characterized from the EEM Lactarius rufus (Ruthes et al. 2013).
A number of other EEMs have shown to have potent anti-inflammatory activities
(Table 6.2).
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J. Pérez-Moreno and M. Martínez-Reyes
hypocholesterolemic activity including ergosterol derivatives and b-glucans
(Gil-Ramírez et al. 2011; Table 6.2).
6.2.6 Anti-Inflammatory
Another important function of some edible EEMs is their anti-inflammatory
activity. Due to the fact that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis
of important diseases including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis (Libby 2008),
diabetes (Wellen and Hotamisligil 2005), neurodegenerative diseases (Amor et al.
2010), obesity (Skalicky et al. 2008), and some cancers (Kraus and Arber 2009:
Shacter and Weitzman 2002), currently there is an increasing interest in the finding
of natural products with anti-inflammatory effects. Some edible mushrooms
have demonstrated to be an important source of bioactive compounds with
anti-inflammatory activities (Lull et al. 2005). Nitha et al. (2007) reported an
anti-inflammatory activity in extracts from culture mycelium of the ‘‘yellow
morel’’ (M. esculenta). Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) is a proinflammatory
cytokine that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, it can induce production of other cytokines and immune responses. Dysregulated TNF-a production is implicated in many diseases such as rheumatoid
arthritis, a disease in which TNF-a is present in higher concentration than normal.
Ye et al. (2012) demonstrated that vialinin A is an extremely potent inhibitor
against TNF-a, similarly than thelephantin G (Ye et al. 2009a, b). Previously, Xie
et al. (2006) isolated a novel compound designated vialinin B, from sporomes of
the edible mushroom T. vialis, and demonstrated that also potently inhibits TNF-a
production in RBL-2H3 cells (IC50 = 0.02 nM) and is a promising antiallergic
agent, similarly than vialinin A (Onose et al. 2008). Recently, it has been shown
that vialinin A, isolated from the EEMs Thelephora vialis and T. aurantiotincta,
also is a potent anti-inflammatory agents and that it exhibits more effective antiinflammatory activity than the widely used immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus
(FK506) (Okada et al. 2013). Moro et al. (2012) found that some popular EEMs
worldwide including the ‘‘chanterelle’’ (C. cibarius), the ‘‘saffron milk cap’’
(L. deliciosus) and the ‘‘black chanterelle’’ (C. cornucopioides) showed a potent
anti-inflammatory activities by inhibition of nitric oxide production and iNOS,
IL-1b and IL6 mRNAs expression in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
Also, some b-D-glucans with potential anti-inflammatory activities were recently
isolated and characterized from the EEM Lactarius rufus (Ruthes et al. 2013).
A number of other EEMs have shown to have potent anti-inflammatory activities
(Table 6.2).
184
J. Pérez-Moreno and M. Martínez-Reyes