52
G. J. Pierce and J. Portela
the common assumption that consumer product choices are not just motivated by
price and mandatory product information. Consumers can be moved by other product attributes that can relate to environmental and ecological objectives as well as
economic and social objectives (e.g. fair trade, support to small farmers, discouragement of child labour). Third-party certification (i.e. by a body that is not in any
way involved in the production, marketing or consumption of the goods in question)
can help ensure that the producer provides the consumer with truthful information
(Wessells et al. 2001).
3.7 Markets and Trade: To What Extent Could
Aquaculture Contribute to Supply the Markets?
Fish and fishery products are among the most widely traded natural resource-based
goods. More than 40 % of global fish production enters international trade. For
many developing countries, foreign exchange revenues from fish exports make a
major contribution to their balance of payments and are thus of strategic macroeconomic importance. On the other hand, for the three major global fish importers, namely, Japan, the EU and the USA, processing, wholesaling and retailing of
imported fish are of considerable economic significance, in addition to satisfying
consumer demand not met by domestic production (Cochrane and Willmann 2000).
According to FAO trade data, over the period 1976–2009, only three European
countries have been net exporters of cephalopods: Poland, UK and Ireland. The biggest exporters of cephalopods and cephalopod products in Europe were Poland and
the UK. Poland exported more than 400,000 t of cephalopods, presumably mainly
squid caught in the Southwest Atlantic, which made up the bulk of Polish landings up until 1996 (Falkland Islands Government 2005). The UK exported more
than 160,000 t of cephalopods in the same period. Around two-thirds of UK landings arose from the Northeast Atlantic, most of the remainder from the Southwest
Atlantic. The great majority of European countries were and probably still are net
importers of cephalopods. The biggest importers of cephalopods in Europe during
1976–2009 were Spain and Italy, with total imports of more than 5 million and more
than 4 million t, respectively. Italy was the biggest net importer as it had relatively
low exports. The third biggest importer of cephalopods was France, whose total
imports over this period were around 675,000 t.
On a world scale, over the period covered by the FAO data (1976–2009), only
Japan imported more cephalopods than Italy (almost 7 million t over this period)
and it had the largest total net import–export deficit of any country in the world. In
total, 12 countries exported more than 1 million t of cephalopods over that period,
headed by Spain (although it was a net importer) but also including Thailand, Morocco, Argentina, China, Taiwan, Republic of Korea, India, Peru, Vietnam, New
Zealand and USA. Several of these countries also had total net exports of more than
1 million t, led by Morocco (2.2 million t) but also including Argentina, Thailand,
Taiwan, Peru, India, Vietnam and New Zealand. In terms of total trade in cephalo-
G. J. Pierce and J. Portela
the common assumption that consumer product choices are not just motivated by
price and mandatory product information. Consumers can be moved by other product attributes that can relate to environmental and ecological objectives as well as
economic and social objectives (e.g. fair trade, support to small farmers, discouragement of child labour). Third-party certification (i.e. by a body that is not in any
way involved in the production, marketing or consumption of the goods in question)
can help ensure that the producer provides the consumer with truthful information
(Wessells et al. 2001).
3.7 Markets and Trade: To What Extent Could
Aquaculture Contribute to Supply the Markets?
Fish and fishery products are among the most widely traded natural resource-based
goods. More than 40 % of global fish production enters international trade. For
many developing countries, foreign exchange revenues from fish exports make a
major contribution to their balance of payments and are thus of strategic macroeconomic importance. On the other hand, for the three major global fish importers, namely, Japan, the EU and the USA, processing, wholesaling and retailing of
imported fish are of considerable economic significance, in addition to satisfying
consumer demand not met by domestic production (Cochrane and Willmann 2000).
According to FAO trade data, over the period 1976–2009, only three European
countries have been net exporters of cephalopods: Poland, UK and Ireland. The biggest exporters of cephalopods and cephalopod products in Europe were Poland and
the UK. Poland exported more than 400,000 t of cephalopods, presumably mainly
squid caught in the Southwest Atlantic, which made up the bulk of Polish landings up until 1996 (Falkland Islands Government 2005). The UK exported more
than 160,000 t of cephalopods in the same period. Around two-thirds of UK landings arose from the Northeast Atlantic, most of the remainder from the Southwest
Atlantic. The great majority of European countries were and probably still are net
importers of cephalopods. The biggest importers of cephalopods in Europe during
1976–2009 were Spain and Italy, with total imports of more than 5 million and more
than 4 million t, respectively. Italy was the biggest net importer as it had relatively
low exports. The third biggest importer of cephalopods was France, whose total
imports over this period were around 675,000 t.
On a world scale, over the period covered by the FAO data (1976–2009), only
Japan imported more cephalopods than Italy (almost 7 million t over this period)
and it had the largest total net import–export deficit of any country in the world. In
total, 12 countries exported more than 1 million t of cephalopods over that period,
headed by Spain (although it was a net importer) but also including Thailand, Morocco, Argentina, China, Taiwan, Republic of Korea, India, Peru, Vietnam, New
Zealand and USA. Several of these countries also had total net exports of more than
1 million t, led by Morocco (2.2 million t) but also including Argentina, Thailand,
Taiwan, Peru, India, Vietnam and New Zealand. In terms of total trade in cephalo-