485
26 Current Status and Future Challenges in Cephalopod Culture
of an ethical experimentation with cephalopods is strongly encouraged and any zootechnical development should be performed and adapted according to the adherence
to the 3Rs principles: replacement, refinement and reduction (Mather and Anderson
2007; Moltschaniwskyj et al. 2007; Andrews et al. 2013, Chap. 6). Zootechniques
are in constant improvement and should be adapted to each species and areas. For
example, in developing countries located in tropical zones with relatively high temperatures (associated with fast growth in some cephalopod species), the open seawater system, as the floating net cages or earthen ponds used for S� lessoniana and
S� inermis (Nabhitabhata et al. 2005, Chaps. 13 and 17), seems more appropriate
because of the low cost for construction and maintenance.
Finally, cephalopod culture is completely justified since cephalopods are used
as biological models in neuroscience (Williamson and Chrachri 2004; Sio 2011),
behaviour (Wells 1978; Hanlon and Messenger 1996; Tricarico et al. 2011; Gherardi
et al. 2012), evolution (Budelmann 1995; Strugnell et al. 2011) and climate change
(Pörtner and Farrell 2008; Gutowska et al. 2010; Uriarte et al. 2012; Dorey et al.
2013; Noyola et al. 2013; Zúñiga et al. 2013). They have been recently introduced
as models for mechatronics (Laschi et al. 2012), biological adhesive systems (Byern
and Klepal 2006; Cyran et al. 2010) and tissue regeneration (Feral 1978, 1979,
1988; Rohrbach and Schmidtberg 2006).
Moreover, some cephalopods are among a short number of species with aquaculture production potential where nearly the whole animal may be used or recycled
(see Chap. 8). For instance, after making use of the muscle as human food, cephalopod by-products may be used for feeds and natural products, such as viscera for
the fish-feed industry (Le Bihan et al. 2006, 2007); the cuttlebone (made of calcium
carbonate—99 % aragonite) has application for medicinal and pharmacological industry (Rocha et al. 2005; Kannan et al. 2007; Cadman et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2012);
and ink can be used for human food industry (sepia spaghetti). In addition, secondary metabolites from cephalopods, particularly from their ink, have showed their
properties as promoters of immune function in vertebrates (Sundaram 2009; Liu
et al. 2011), as well as antibacterial (Mochizuki 1979; Benkendorff 2010; Nithya
et al. 2011; Gomathi et al. 2010; Mohanraju et al. 2013), antimutagenic (Liu et al.
2008) and antitumoral activity (Chen et al. 2010; Senan et al. 2013), with potential
use in biomedicine.
Cephalopods are also among some of the most charismatic marine animals that
seduce the general public in aquaria and their culture will play an important role
in providing animals already adapted to captive conditions. So, their production
potential should probably expand beyond their use as human food. Hence, there
is an overall recognition of the potential of cephalopods that need to be translated
into actual production in the coming years, as a way of promoting diversification of
culture outputs in a sustainable and economical form.
Acknowledgements RV was funded by the research project CALOCEAN-2 (AGL2012-39077)
from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (MINECO). AS was funded by a
Post-Doc grant (SFRH/BPD/36100/2007) and projects SEPIAMETA (PTDC/MAR/102348/2008),
SEPIABREED (PTDC/MAR/120876/2010), SEPIATECH (31-03-05-FEP-2) and ASSEMBLE
(227799 FP7) from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and DGPA PROMAR Programme
26 Current Status and Future Challenges in Cephalopod Culture
of an ethical experimentation with cephalopods is strongly encouraged and any zootechnical development should be performed and adapted according to the adherence
to the 3Rs principles: replacement, refinement and reduction (Mather and Anderson
2007; Moltschaniwskyj et al. 2007; Andrews et al. 2013, Chap. 6). Zootechniques
are in constant improvement and should be adapted to each species and areas. For
example, in developing countries located in tropical zones with relatively high temperatures (associated with fast growth in some cephalopod species), the open seawater system, as the floating net cages or earthen ponds used for S� lessoniana and
S� inermis (Nabhitabhata et al. 2005, Chaps. 13 and 17), seems more appropriate
because of the low cost for construction and maintenance.
Finally, cephalopod culture is completely justified since cephalopods are used
as biological models in neuroscience (Williamson and Chrachri 2004; Sio 2011),
behaviour (Wells 1978; Hanlon and Messenger 1996; Tricarico et al. 2011; Gherardi
et al. 2012), evolution (Budelmann 1995; Strugnell et al. 2011) and climate change
(Pörtner and Farrell 2008; Gutowska et al. 2010; Uriarte et al. 2012; Dorey et al.
2013; Noyola et al. 2013; Zúñiga et al. 2013). They have been recently introduced
as models for mechatronics (Laschi et al. 2012), biological adhesive systems (Byern
and Klepal 2006; Cyran et al. 2010) and tissue regeneration (Feral 1978, 1979,
1988; Rohrbach and Schmidtberg 2006).
Moreover, some cephalopods are among a short number of species with aquaculture production potential where nearly the whole animal may be used or recycled
(see Chap. 8). For instance, after making use of the muscle as human food, cephalopod by-products may be used for feeds and natural products, such as viscera for
the fish-feed industry (Le Bihan et al. 2006, 2007); the cuttlebone (made of calcium
carbonate—99 % aragonite) has application for medicinal and pharmacological industry (Rocha et al. 2005; Kannan et al. 2007; Cadman et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2012);
and ink can be used for human food industry (sepia spaghetti). In addition, secondary metabolites from cephalopods, particularly from their ink, have showed their
properties as promoters of immune function in vertebrates (Sundaram 2009; Liu
et al. 2011), as well as antibacterial (Mochizuki 1979; Benkendorff 2010; Nithya
et al. 2011; Gomathi et al. 2010; Mohanraju et al. 2013), antimutagenic (Liu et al.
2008) and antitumoral activity (Chen et al. 2010; Senan et al. 2013), with potential
use in biomedicine.
Cephalopods are also among some of the most charismatic marine animals that
seduce the general public in aquaria and their culture will play an important role
in providing animals already adapted to captive conditions. So, their production
potential should probably expand beyond their use as human food. Hence, there
is an overall recognition of the potential of cephalopods that need to be translated
into actual production in the coming years, as a way of promoting diversification of
culture outputs in a sustainable and economical form.
Acknowledgements RV was funded by the research project CALOCEAN-2 (AGL2012-39077)
from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (MINECO). AS was funded by a
Post-Doc grant (SFRH/BPD/36100/2007) and projects SEPIAMETA (PTDC/MAR/102348/2008),
SEPIABREED (PTDC/MAR/120876/2010), SEPIATECH (31-03-05-FEP-2) and ASSEMBLE
(227799 FP7) from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and DGPA PROMAR Programme