343
and as human food. The network of S� lessoniana culture to be established in Asian
countries is expected to form the future cephalopod culture centre of the world.
17.5 Conclusions
Sepioteuthis lessoniana is highly adaptable to captive conditions and can be
cultured for multiple generations in either open or closed seawater systems. This
success is mainly due to the relatively large hatchling size of S� lessoniana and
behavioural characteristics that are advantageous for limited tank space. This is an
advantage not only for industrial culturing per se but also for other purposes, such
as providing this squid for restocking and as an experimental animal for ethology, physiology, and neuroscience for which live material is usually necessary. On
the other hand, similar to other cephalopods, the life history of S� lessoniana has
not been entirely documented in either tropical or temperate waters. This includes
the reproductive process, survival after hatching, and population genetics. Modern
techniques, such as bio-logging and DNA markers, are expected to provide new
information about these unresolved questions. In addition, because the fisheries’
demand for S� lessoniana is high, policies for the protection of this squid must be
established.
The process of S. lessoniana culture includes broodstock collection, nursing of
egg capsules, nursing of the young in the hatchery, and the grow-out phase. Water
quality control procedures are different in closed and open seawater systems and are
fully controlled in the former and partially controlled in the latter. The young are fed
from hatching with live prey organisms, particularly mysids. The size of prey has
to be similar to that of the squid. Sufficient supply of live feed ensures good survival. The young can be trained to accept dead feed, starting in the grow-out phase.
The growth rate, final size, and longevity of these squid can vary, particularly with
temperature and seawater system. Research and development of artificial feed is
urgently required in order to resolve the live feed bottleneck and to reduce the cost
of production.
References
Ahmad T, Usman (1997) Bigfin squid culture: the Indonesian experience. Phuket Mar Biol Cent
Spec Pub 17:285–287
Aoki M, Imai H, Naruse T, Ikeda Y (2008) Low genetic diversity of oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae), in Japanese waters inferred from a mitochondrial DNA
non-coding region. Pac Sci 62:403–411
Boongerd S, Rachaniyom S (1990) Squid trap fishing. Tech Pap 1/1990, Fish Tech Subdiv, Mar
Fish Div, Dept Fish
Chainak P, Chindamaikul T, Nabhitabhata J, Kwandee V (2003) Effect of phosphate concentration on survival of hatchlings of bigfin squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830. In:
17 Sepioteuthis lessoniana
and as human food. The network of S� lessoniana culture to be established in Asian
countries is expected to form the future cephalopod culture centre of the world.
17.5 Conclusions
Sepioteuthis lessoniana is highly adaptable to captive conditions and can be
cultured for multiple generations in either open or closed seawater systems. This
success is mainly due to the relatively large hatchling size of S� lessoniana and
behavioural characteristics that are advantageous for limited tank space. This is an
advantage not only for industrial culturing per se but also for other purposes, such
as providing this squid for restocking and as an experimental animal for ethology, physiology, and neuroscience for which live material is usually necessary. On
the other hand, similar to other cephalopods, the life history of S� lessoniana has
not been entirely documented in either tropical or temperate waters. This includes
the reproductive process, survival after hatching, and population genetics. Modern
techniques, such as bio-logging and DNA markers, are expected to provide new
information about these unresolved questions. In addition, because the fisheries’
demand for S� lessoniana is high, policies for the protection of this squid must be
established.
The process of S. lessoniana culture includes broodstock collection, nursing of
egg capsules, nursing of the young in the hatchery, and the grow-out phase. Water
quality control procedures are different in closed and open seawater systems and are
fully controlled in the former and partially controlled in the latter. The young are fed
from hatching with live prey organisms, particularly mysids. The size of prey has
to be similar to that of the squid. Sufficient supply of live feed ensures good survival. The young can be trained to accept dead feed, starting in the grow-out phase.
The growth rate, final size, and longevity of these squid can vary, particularly with
temperature and seawater system. Research and development of artificial feed is
urgently required in order to resolve the live feed bottleneck and to reduce the cost
of production.
References
Ahmad T, Usman (1997) Bigfin squid culture: the Indonesian experience. Phuket Mar Biol Cent
Spec Pub 17:285–287
Aoki M, Imai H, Naruse T, Ikeda Y (2008) Low genetic diversity of oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae), in Japanese waters inferred from a mitochondrial DNA
non-coding region. Pac Sci 62:403–411
Boongerd S, Rachaniyom S (1990) Squid trap fishing. Tech Pap 1/1990, Fish Tech Subdiv, Mar
Fish Div, Dept Fish
Chainak P, Chindamaikul T, Nabhitabhata J, Kwandee V (2003) Effect of phosphate concentration on survival of hatchlings of bigfin squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830. In:
17 Sepioteuthis lessoniana