5
1 Cephalopod Biology
growth rates may be related to quality or quantity of food or stress caused by general
culture conditions (tolerance to crowding, unsuitable artificial light and temperature
levels, among others). With regard to food intake, a social hierarchy may become
established within a group of captive individuals and may lead to substantial variations in individual food intake. And, last but not least, much like the adults, the
small animals are also subject to various diseases (Hanlon and Forsythe 1990a, b;
Hochberg 1990, Chap. 6).
Fig. 1.3  Generalised anatomy of a female octopus. (After Boyle and Rodhouse 2005)
Fig. 1.2  Generalised anatomy of a loliginid squid. (After Boyle and Rodhouse 2005)