106
Tetracycline injected in food was used to treat lesions with spreads of Pseudomonas sp. and Acinetobacter anitratus with success in O� dofleini by Stoskopf
et al. (1987). Hanlon and Forsythe (1990a) described the use of chloramphenicol
injected in food as having some success in treating infections by V� carchariae. The
same authors described the use of chloramphenicol (40 mg kg
−1
) and gentamycin
(20 mg kg
−1
), either by intramuscular injection or via food, to treat S� officinalis
infected by V� pelagicus, V� splendidus and P� stutzeri related to internal infection of
the blood vessels.
Forsythe et al. (1987) and Forsythe et al. (1990) described the use of several
antibacterial and antiprotozoacidal agents administered by short-term baths or dips,
continuous baths, intramuscular injection or by injection in food, which may be
used on infected animals or eggs. In the latter work, safe concentrations for the application of these therapeutic agents are also given. In general, these treatments are
only effective for cuttlefish and octopus and the preferable method of application is
oral administration. There is still need for further research in this field.
Reports on surgery performed in cephalopods are scarce and may be an additional focus of infections, as described by Harms et al. (2006).
6.2 Welfare Under Research and Commercial Culture
Conditions
To avoid the pathologies mentioned in the previous sections, a good welfare practice must be implemented at different stages of maintenance, rearing and culture of
cephalopod species. Both Mather and Anderson (2007) and Moltschaniwskyj et al.
(2007) reviewed the ethical and welfare considerations when using cephalopods as
research animals. These authors presented the refinement of methods as the most
important task to ensure protection of cephalopods both in the laboratory and in the
field. However, by considering cephalopods as sentient animals, one cannot talk
about welfare without defining stressors and stress in cephalopods. More recently,
Sykes et al. (2012) reviewed the application of Directive 2010/63/EU concerning
cephalopod breeding and experimentation in aquaculture research. In that work, the
authors proposed a definition of “acceptable stress” for cephalopods as the biological response of the animal when subjected to or when it perceives a stressor. To be
defined as “acceptable,” this biological response must not promote the development
of a state of illness, provoke physical pain nor extended suffering (although the
latter two have not been proved yet to occur in cephalopods). This will be the borderline to the use of anaesthetics, analgesia or euthanasia in aquaculture -related
procedures or protocols. These authors also reviewed the application of several anaesthesia and euthanasia agents in cephalopods.
The use of effective anaesthesia and euthanasia agents as welfare promoters in
fish has been shown by several authors (such as Pottinger (2008) and Ross and Ross
(1984)), but similar works in the class Cephalopoda are scarce, lack solid grounds
or have never been performed (Sykes et al. 2012).
A. V. Sykes and C. Gestal
Tetracycline injected in food was used to treat lesions with spreads of Pseudomonas sp. and Acinetobacter anitratus with success in O� dofleini by Stoskopf
et al. (1987). Hanlon and Forsythe (1990a) described the use of chloramphenicol
injected in food as having some success in treating infections by V� carchariae. The
same authors described the use of chloramphenicol (40 mg kg
−1
) and gentamycin
(20 mg kg
−1
), either by intramuscular injection or via food, to treat S� officinalis
infected by V� pelagicus, V� splendidus and P� stutzeri related to internal infection of
the blood vessels.
Forsythe et al. (1987) and Forsythe et al. (1990) described the use of several
antibacterial and antiprotozoacidal agents administered by short-term baths or dips,
continuous baths, intramuscular injection or by injection in food, which may be
used on infected animals or eggs. In the latter work, safe concentrations for the application of these therapeutic agents are also given. In general, these treatments are
only effective for cuttlefish and octopus and the preferable method of application is
oral administration. There is still need for further research in this field.
Reports on surgery performed in cephalopods are scarce and may be an additional focus of infections, as described by Harms et al. (2006).
6.2 Welfare Under Research and Commercial Culture
Conditions
To avoid the pathologies mentioned in the previous sections, a good welfare practice must be implemented at different stages of maintenance, rearing and culture of
cephalopod species. Both Mather and Anderson (2007) and Moltschaniwskyj et al.
(2007) reviewed the ethical and welfare considerations when using cephalopods as
research animals. These authors presented the refinement of methods as the most
important task to ensure protection of cephalopods both in the laboratory and in the
field. However, by considering cephalopods as sentient animals, one cannot talk
about welfare without defining stressors and stress in cephalopods. More recently,
Sykes et al. (2012) reviewed the application of Directive 2010/63/EU concerning
cephalopod breeding and experimentation in aquaculture research. In that work, the
authors proposed a definition of “acceptable stress” for cephalopods as the biological response of the animal when subjected to or when it perceives a stressor. To be
defined as “acceptable,” this biological response must not promote the development
of a state of illness, provoke physical pain nor extended suffering (although the
latter two have not been proved yet to occur in cephalopods). This will be the borderline to the use of anaesthetics, analgesia or euthanasia in aquaculture -related
procedures or protocols. These authors also reviewed the application of several anaesthesia and euthanasia agents in cephalopods.
The use of effective anaesthesia and euthanasia agents as welfare promoters in
fish has been shown by several authors (such as Pottinger (2008) and Ross and Ross
(1984)), but similar works in the class Cephalopoda are scarce, lack solid grounds
or have never been performed (Sykes et al. 2012).
A. V. Sykes and C. Gestal