358
J. Kooiman
System-to-Be-Governed
In the interactive governance approach, the nature of the system-to-be-governed
plays an important role, because we assume that it is a major contributor of governability limits (e.g. Jentoft 2007a ) . Diversity, complexity, dynamics and scale are variables for analysing and assessing the governability of any system-to-be-governed
(also see Chuenpagdee et al. 2008 ) . Other factors such as vulnerability and risk
undoubtedly play a role too, but they are of more local importance.
Apart from the possibility of designing a whole new conceptual framework for
studying the system-to-be-governed, a more practical choice is to make use of
existing frames with suf fi cient ‘governability potential’ for our purposes. In our
work we have applied two of these to fi sheries: fi sheries as chains and fi sheries as
socio-ecosystems (SES). A third frame revolves around concerns or challenges,
and is based on our value position that ecosystem health, social justice, livelihood
and food security must be taken into consideration when assessing the governability of any fi shery. As all three perspectives consist of combinations of worldviews, expert knowledge and principles and values, they might be labelled the
three images of fi sheries as systems-to-be-governed (see Chap. 2 for an explanation of images).
System-to-Be-Governed as a Chain
From the variety of studies that make use of the chain concept, the Fisheries
Governance Network has made most use of the commodity chain approach. The
two other approaches mentioned below may be of use in future work on the governability of fi sh chains, either as alternatives to the commodity chain approach or as
supplements.
Global commodity (value) chain (GCC) approaches emphasize the organizational character of the economic integration that takes place around commodities
(Gibbon et al. 2008 ) . A GCC consists of “inter-organizational networks clustered
around one commodity or product, linking households, enterprises, and states to
one another within the world-economy. These networks are situation speci fi c,
socially constructed, and locally integrated, underscoring the social embeddedness
of economic organization” (Geref fi and Korzeniewicz 1994 , 2). Commodity chain
studies have contributed much to the knowledge of economic processes. In recent
years, their scope has been widened, including more than just economic variables
(Bair 2005 ) .
Under the heading of commodity chains one fi nds studies of world systems,
value chains, networks, fi lieres , each with their own special meanings, research
communities, ideological and political backgrounds. They deal with textile, automobiles, electronics, food products and cover both the North and South. Of those,
I take two that demonstrate a macro and micro approach to a SG, the world-system
and the commodity chain.
J. Kooiman
System-to-Be-Governed
In the interactive governance approach, the nature of the system-to-be-governed
plays an important role, because we assume that it is a major contributor of governability limits (e.g. Jentoft 2007a ) . Diversity, complexity, dynamics and scale are variables for analysing and assessing the governability of any system-to-be-governed
(also see Chuenpagdee et al. 2008 ) . Other factors such as vulnerability and risk
undoubtedly play a role too, but they are of more local importance.
Apart from the possibility of designing a whole new conceptual framework for
studying the system-to-be-governed, a more practical choice is to make use of
existing frames with suf fi cient ‘governability potential’ for our purposes. In our
work we have applied two of these to fi sheries: fi sheries as chains and fi sheries as
socio-ecosystems (SES). A third frame revolves around concerns or challenges,
and is based on our value position that ecosystem health, social justice, livelihood
and food security must be taken into consideration when assessing the governability of any fi shery. As all three perspectives consist of combinations of worldviews, expert knowledge and principles and values, they might be labelled the
three images of fi sheries as systems-to-be-governed (see Chap. 2 for an explanation of images).
System-to-Be-Governed as a Chain
From the variety of studies that make use of the chain concept, the Fisheries
Governance Network has made most use of the commodity chain approach. The
two other approaches mentioned below may be of use in future work on the governability of fi sh chains, either as alternatives to the commodity chain approach or as
supplements.
Global commodity (value) chain (GCC) approaches emphasize the organizational character of the economic integration that takes place around commodities
(Gibbon et al. 2008 ) . A GCC consists of “inter-organizational networks clustered
around one commodity or product, linking households, enterprises, and states to
one another within the world-economy. These networks are situation speci fi c,
socially constructed, and locally integrated, underscoring the social embeddedness
of economic organization” (Geref fi and Korzeniewicz 1994 , 2). Commodity chain
studies have contributed much to the knowledge of economic processes. In recent
years, their scope has been widened, including more than just economic variables
(Bair 2005 ) .
Under the heading of commodity chains one fi nds studies of world systems,
value chains, networks, fi lieres , each with their own special meanings, research
communities, ideological and political backgrounds. They deal with textile, automobiles, electronics, food products and cover both the North and South. Of those,
I take two that demonstrate a macro and micro approach to a SG, the world-system
and the commodity chain.