Contents
1. Wastewater, Volumes and Composition
11
1.1. The volumes of wastewater
11
1.1.1 Measurements
11
1.1.2 Statistics
12
1.1.3 Estimates
16
1.1.4 Population Equivalent
25
1.1.5 Prognoses
25
1.2. Wastewater components
26
1.2.1 Domestic wastewater I municipal wastewater
27
1.2.2 Variations
31
2. Characterization of Wastewaters and Sludges
37
2.1. Suspended solids
37
2.1.1 Settleable solids
38
2.2. Organic matter
39
2.3. Nitrogen
47
2.4. Phosphorus
49
2.5. Alkalinity (TAL)
49
2.6. Sludge volume index etc.
50
2.7. Respiration rate of sludge
51
3. Basic Biological Processes
55
3.1. The biology in biological treatment plants
55
3.1.1 The organisms
55
3.1.2 Selection
58
3.2. Conversions in biological treatment plants
61
3.2.1 Biological growth
62
3.2.2 Hydrolysis
63
3.2.3 Decay
65
3.3. Aerobic heterotrophic conversion of organic matter
65
3.3.1 Reactions, aerobic conversions
65
3.3.2 Yield constant, aerobic heterotrophic conversions
67
3.3.3 Nutrients, aerobic heterotrophic conversions
70
3.3.4 Kinetics, aerobic heterotrophic conversions
71
3.3.5 Heterotrophic micro-organisms, aerobic conversions
71
3.3.6 The influence of the environmental factors, aerobic
heterotrophic conversions
72
3.4. Nitrification
75
3.4.1 Reactions by nitrification
75
3.4.2 Alkalinity
79
6