17
( 1933 ); Jayangoudar ( 1964 ); Jha ( 1965 ); Jha
et al. ( 1978 ); Kar ( 1984 , 1990 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 ,
2006 , 2007a , b , c , 2010 , 2012a , b ); Kar and
Dey ( 1991 , 1993a , b , 1996 , 2000 , 2002 ); Kar
and Barbhuiya, M. H. ( 2000a , b , 2001 , 2002 ,
2004 , 2005 ); Kar and Barbhuiya, A. H. ( 2009 ,
2011a , b ); Kar and Mazumdar ( 2004 ); Kar et al.
( 1995a , b , c, 1996a , b , c , 1997 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 ,
2009 ); Khaidem Binky et al. ( 2011 ); Laskar et al.
( 2002 ); Mathew ( 1972 , 1975 ); Michael ( 1962 ,
1969 ); Michael and Sharma ( 1988 ); Misra
( 1946 ); Mitra ( 1955 , 1966 ); Moitra and
Bhattacharyya ( 1965 ); Naidu ( 1967 ); Nayar
( 1964 , 1968 ); Patil ( 1976 ); Philipose ( 1940 ,
1959 ); Puri and Mahajan ( 1958 ); Puinyabati et al.
( 2010a , b ); Ranibala et al. ( 2010 ); Rao ( 1953 ,
1977 ; Ray and Rao ( 1964 ); Reddiah ( 1964 ); Saha
and Muthuri ( 1958 ); Saha ( 1969 ); Saha et al.
( 1971 ); Sahai and Srivastava ( 1976 ); Sangeeta
et al. ( 2011 ); Singha et al. ( 2010 ); Saxena and
Venkateswarlu ( 1966 ); Seenayya ( 1969 ); Sen and
Chatterjee ( 1960 ); Sharma ( 1976 , 1977 , 1978 ,
1980a , b ); Sharma and Pant ( 1984 ); Sitaramaiah
( 1965 ); Srinivasan ( 1964a , b , c , d , e , 1965 , 1966 ,
1968a , b , 1970 ); Srivastava ( 1956 ); Subramanyam
and Banerjee ( 1968 ); Unni ( 1967 , 1971a , b );
Vasisht and Battish ( 1971 ); Verma ( 1969 ) and
Zafar ( 1964 ).
Summary
1. Limnology basically is the study of different
aspects of water.
2. Ecology undoubtedly enjoys universal adoption of its accepted designation by dealing
with the study of interaction between environment and its organisms.
3. Hexiology, natural history, etc. are sometimes used as synonymous to ecology.
4. Environment encompasses lithosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere.
5. Hydrosphere includes hydrography which,
in turn, includes oceanography (dealing with
salt water) and limnology (dealing with
freshwater).
6. Limnology has been defi ned in various ways.
Historically, it is said to be the study of lakes.
Under restricted usage, it includes study of
various units of lentic or standing water
series. Under extended usage, it sometimes
involves the study of all forms of lentic and
lotic waters.
7. Biological productivity is one of the central
themes of limnology.
8. Further, terms like freshwater biology,
aquatic biology and aquatic limnology are
to be used exclusively in connection with
fl oristic/faunistic studies.
9. In a holistic sense, limnology is the branch of
science which deals with the study of physical, chemical, biological and geographical
aspects of freshwater.
10. The word ‘population’ is any unspecifi c
collection of organisms in a discrete space
or area.
11. On the other hand, ‘assemblage’ is a collection of co-occurring populations.
12. ‘Biotope’ is a segment of the biosphere
with convenient arbitrary upper and lower
boundaries.
13. ‘Biocoenosis’ is the totality of organisms
living in a biotope.
14. ‘Association’ is a division of biocoenosis
which seems to have real signifi cance in ecological limnology.
15. The term ‘niche’ is used in an abstract and
purely intensive sense to designate the
requirements of an organism.
16. An aquatic habitat may contain different
forms of organisms, namely, plankton, seston, nekton, tripton, periphyton and zoobenthos. The feeding habits and reproductive
types vary in different organisms.
17. Limnology embraces different disciplines of
science to create very wide scope. Today,
limnological study encompasses very broad
aspects in order to explain the dynamic of
ecosystems.
18. Essential nature, objectives and scope of
limnological study, present status and unexplored fi elds have been dealt with.
19. As typical examples, the status of limnology
in developing countries, notably in Malaysia
and in India, has been dealt with in the
present treatise.
1.11 Limnology in India: An Overview
( 1933 ); Jayangoudar ( 1964 ); Jha ( 1965 ); Jha
et al. ( 1978 ); Kar ( 1984 , 1990 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 ,
2006 , 2007a , b , c , 2010 , 2012a , b ); Kar and
Dey ( 1991 , 1993a , b , 1996 , 2000 , 2002 ); Kar
and Barbhuiya, M. H. ( 2000a , b , 2001 , 2002 ,
2004 , 2005 ); Kar and Barbhuiya, A. H. ( 2009 ,
2011a , b ); Kar and Mazumdar ( 2004 ); Kar et al.
( 1995a , b , c, 1996a , b , c , 1997 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 ,
2009 ); Khaidem Binky et al. ( 2011 ); Laskar et al.
( 2002 ); Mathew ( 1972 , 1975 ); Michael ( 1962 ,
1969 ); Michael and Sharma ( 1988 ); Misra
( 1946 ); Mitra ( 1955 , 1966 ); Moitra and
Bhattacharyya ( 1965 ); Naidu ( 1967 ); Nayar
( 1964 , 1968 ); Patil ( 1976 ); Philipose ( 1940 ,
1959 ); Puri and Mahajan ( 1958 ); Puinyabati et al.
( 2010a , b ); Ranibala et al. ( 2010 ); Rao ( 1953 ,
1977 ; Ray and Rao ( 1964 ); Reddiah ( 1964 ); Saha
and Muthuri ( 1958 ); Saha ( 1969 ); Saha et al.
( 1971 ); Sahai and Srivastava ( 1976 ); Sangeeta
et al. ( 2011 ); Singha et al. ( 2010 ); Saxena and
Venkateswarlu ( 1966 ); Seenayya ( 1969 ); Sen and
Chatterjee ( 1960 ); Sharma ( 1976 , 1977 , 1978 ,
1980a , b ); Sharma and Pant ( 1984 ); Sitaramaiah
( 1965 ); Srinivasan ( 1964a , b , c , d , e , 1965 , 1966 ,
1968a , b , 1970 ); Srivastava ( 1956 ); Subramanyam
and Banerjee ( 1968 ); Unni ( 1967 , 1971a , b );
Vasisht and Battish ( 1971 ); Verma ( 1969 ) and
Zafar ( 1964 ).
Summary
1. Limnology basically is the study of different
aspects of water.
2. Ecology undoubtedly enjoys universal adoption of its accepted designation by dealing
with the study of interaction between environment and its organisms.
3. Hexiology, natural history, etc. are sometimes used as synonymous to ecology.
4. Environment encompasses lithosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere.
5. Hydrosphere includes hydrography which,
in turn, includes oceanography (dealing with
salt water) and limnology (dealing with
freshwater).
6. Limnology has been defi ned in various ways.
Historically, it is said to be the study of lakes.
Under restricted usage, it includes study of
various units of lentic or standing water
series. Under extended usage, it sometimes
involves the study of all forms of lentic and
lotic waters.
7. Biological productivity is one of the central
themes of limnology.
8. Further, terms like freshwater biology,
aquatic biology and aquatic limnology are
to be used exclusively in connection with
fl oristic/faunistic studies.
9. In a holistic sense, limnology is the branch of
science which deals with the study of physical, chemical, biological and geographical
aspects of freshwater.
10. The word ‘population’ is any unspecifi c
collection of organisms in a discrete space
or area.
11. On the other hand, ‘assemblage’ is a collection of co-occurring populations.
12. ‘Biotope’ is a segment of the biosphere
with convenient arbitrary upper and lower
boundaries.
13. ‘Biocoenosis’ is the totality of organisms
living in a biotope.
14. ‘Association’ is a division of biocoenosis
which seems to have real signifi cance in ecological limnology.
15. The term ‘niche’ is used in an abstract and
purely intensive sense to designate the
requirements of an organism.
16. An aquatic habitat may contain different
forms of organisms, namely, plankton, seston, nekton, tripton, periphyton and zoobenthos. The feeding habits and reproductive
types vary in different organisms.
17. Limnology embraces different disciplines of
science to create very wide scope. Today,
limnological study encompasses very broad
aspects in order to explain the dynamic of
ecosystems.
18. Essential nature, objectives and scope of
limnological study, present status and unexplored fi elds have been dealt with.
19. As typical examples, the status of limnology
in developing countries, notably in Malaysia
and in India, has been dealt with in the
present treatise.
1.11 Limnology in India: An Overview