280
mangrove swamps of the SW coast of
Florida. The riverine marshes (wetlands) are
common throughout the world including
India, Bangladesh and the North American
continent. The vegetation of FW inland
marshes is generally composed of AM like
Phragmites australis (reed grass) , Typha
spp. (cattail), Zizania aquatica (Wild rice),
Scirpus validus (bulrush), Eleocharis spp.
(spike-rush), Sagittaria spp. (arrowhead) and
Polygonum spp. (smartweed). Further, invasive species are often part of the vegetation
of FW marshes. These generally unsolicited
vegetations are popularly called ‘weeds’.
Aquatic macrophytes (AM), such as
Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth),
Pistia spp., Lemna minor (duck weed),
Salvinia molesta, S. cucullata, (salvinia),
Alternanthera philoxeroides, A. sessilis (alligator weed), Enhydra fl uctuans , Eleocharis
acutangula, Echinochloa stagnina, Scirpus
eriophorum, Vallisneria spiralis, Polygonum
spp. and Euryale ferox Ipomoea spp., have
been invading mainly the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, notably India
and Bangladesh.
10. Bogs and fens are the peatlands which are
distributed primarily in the cool boreal zones
of the world where excess moisture is
abundant.
Suggested Readings
Adams GD (1988) Wetlands of the prairies of Canada.
In: National Wetlands working Group (ed) Wetlands
of Canada. Environment Canada/Polyscience Publications, Ottawa/Montreal, pp 155–198
Allen JA (1998) Mangroves as alien species: the case of
Hawaii. Glob Ecol Biogeogr Lett 7:61–71
Alongi DM (1998) Coastal ecosystem processes. CRC
Press, Boca Raton
Armentano TV (1990) Soils and ecology: tropical wetlands. In: Williams M (ed) Wetlands: a threatened
landscape. Basil Blackwell, Oxford
Aselmann I, Crutzen PJ (1989) Global distribution of
natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net
primary productivity, seasonality and possible methane
emissions. J Atmos Chem 8:307–358
Beeftink MS (1977a) Salt marshes. In: Barnes RSK (ed)
The coastline. Wiley, New York, pp 93–121
Beeftnik WG (1977b) The coastal salt marshes of Western
and Northern Europe: an ecological and phytosociological approach. In: Chapman VJ (ed) Ecosystems of
the world 1: wet coastal ecosystems. Elsevier Science
Publishing, New York, pp 93–121
Bowden WB (1984) Nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediments of a tidal freshwater marsh in Massachusetts
(USA). Estuaries 7:108–118
Bowden WB (1987) The biogeochemistry of nitrogen in
freshwater wetlands. Biogeochemistry 4:313–348
Camilleri JC (1992) Leaf –litter processing by invertebrates in a mangrove forest in Queensland. Mar Biol
114:139–145
Chapman VJ (1976a) Coastal vegetation, 2nd edn.
Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 292
Chapman VJ (1976b) Mangrove vegetation. J. Cramer,
Vaduz, pp 447
Chen R, Twilley RR (1998) A gap dynamic model of
mangrove forest development along gradients of soil
salinity and nutrient resources. J Ecol 86:37–51
Cintron G, Lugo AE, Martinez R (1985) Structural and
functional properties of mangrove forests. In: D’Arcy
WG, Corma MD (eds) The botany and natural history
of Panama. IV series: Monographs in systematic
botany, vol 10. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis,
pp 330–343
Cowardine LM, Carter V, Golet FC, Laroe ET (1979)
Classifi cation of wetlands and deepwater habitats of
the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, pp 103
Davis JH (1940) The ecology and geologic role of mangroves in Florida. Publication 517. Carnegie Institution
of Washington, pp 303–412
de la Cruz AA (1978) Primary production processes.
Summary and recommendations. In: Good RE,
Whigham DF, Simpson RL (eds) Freshwater wetlands: ecological processes and management potential. Academic, New York, pp 79–86
Denny P (1985a) The ecology and management of African
wetland vegetation. Junk, Dordrecht, pp 344
Denny P (1985b) Wetland plants and associated plant
life- forms. In: Denny P (ed) The ecology and management of African wetland vegetation. Junk,
Dordrecht, pp 1–18
Dey SC, Kar D (1989) Aquatic macrophytes of Lake Sone
in Assam. Environ Ecol 7(1):253–254
Field DW, Reyer AJ, Genovese PV, Shearer BD (1991)
Coastal wetlands of the United States. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, pp 59
Finlayson CM, Moser M (1991) Wetlands. Facts on File,
Oxford, pp 224
Golley FB, Odum HT, Wilson RF (1962) The structure
and metabolism of a Puerto Rican red mangrove forest
in May. Ecology 43:9–19
Good RE, Whigham DF, Simpson RL (1978) Freshwater
wetlands: ecological processes and management
potential. Academic, New York, pp 378
Gopal B, Masing M (1990) Biology and ecology. In:
Patten BC (ed) Wetlands and shallow continental
18 Classifi cation of Wetlands
mangrove swamps of the SW coast of
Florida. The riverine marshes (wetlands) are
common throughout the world including
India, Bangladesh and the North American
continent. The vegetation of FW inland
marshes is generally composed of AM like
Phragmites australis (reed grass) , Typha
spp. (cattail), Zizania aquatica (Wild rice),
Scirpus validus (bulrush), Eleocharis spp.
(spike-rush), Sagittaria spp. (arrowhead) and
Polygonum spp. (smartweed). Further, invasive species are often part of the vegetation
of FW marshes. These generally unsolicited
vegetations are popularly called ‘weeds’.
Aquatic macrophytes (AM), such as
Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth),
Pistia spp., Lemna minor (duck weed),
Salvinia molesta, S. cucullata, (salvinia),
Alternanthera philoxeroides, A. sessilis (alligator weed), Enhydra fl uctuans , Eleocharis
acutangula, Echinochloa stagnina, Scirpus
eriophorum, Vallisneria spiralis, Polygonum
spp. and Euryale ferox Ipomoea spp., have
been invading mainly the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, notably India
and Bangladesh.
10. Bogs and fens are the peatlands which are
distributed primarily in the cool boreal zones
of the world where excess moisture is
abundant.
Suggested Readings
Adams GD (1988) Wetlands of the prairies of Canada.
In: National Wetlands working Group (ed) Wetlands
of Canada. Environment Canada/Polyscience Publications, Ottawa/Montreal, pp 155–198
Allen JA (1998) Mangroves as alien species: the case of
Hawaii. Glob Ecol Biogeogr Lett 7:61–71
Alongi DM (1998) Coastal ecosystem processes. CRC
Press, Boca Raton
Armentano TV (1990) Soils and ecology: tropical wetlands. In: Williams M (ed) Wetlands: a threatened
landscape. Basil Blackwell, Oxford
Aselmann I, Crutzen PJ (1989) Global distribution of
natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net
primary productivity, seasonality and possible methane
emissions. J Atmos Chem 8:307–358
Beeftink MS (1977a) Salt marshes. In: Barnes RSK (ed)
The coastline. Wiley, New York, pp 93–121
Beeftnik WG (1977b) The coastal salt marshes of Western
and Northern Europe: an ecological and phytosociological approach. In: Chapman VJ (ed) Ecosystems of
the world 1: wet coastal ecosystems. Elsevier Science
Publishing, New York, pp 93–121
Bowden WB (1984) Nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediments of a tidal freshwater marsh in Massachusetts
(USA). Estuaries 7:108–118
Bowden WB (1987) The biogeochemistry of nitrogen in
freshwater wetlands. Biogeochemistry 4:313–348
Camilleri JC (1992) Leaf –litter processing by invertebrates in a mangrove forest in Queensland. Mar Biol
114:139–145
Chapman VJ (1976a) Coastal vegetation, 2nd edn.
Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 292
Chapman VJ (1976b) Mangrove vegetation. J. Cramer,
Vaduz, pp 447
Chen R, Twilley RR (1998) A gap dynamic model of
mangrove forest development along gradients of soil
salinity and nutrient resources. J Ecol 86:37–51
Cintron G, Lugo AE, Martinez R (1985) Structural and
functional properties of mangrove forests. In: D’Arcy
WG, Corma MD (eds) The botany and natural history
of Panama. IV series: Monographs in systematic
botany, vol 10. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis,
pp 330–343
Cowardine LM, Carter V, Golet FC, Laroe ET (1979)
Classifi cation of wetlands and deepwater habitats of
the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, pp 103
Davis JH (1940) The ecology and geologic role of mangroves in Florida. Publication 517. Carnegie Institution
of Washington, pp 303–412
de la Cruz AA (1978) Primary production processes.
Summary and recommendations. In: Good RE,
Whigham DF, Simpson RL (eds) Freshwater wetlands: ecological processes and management potential. Academic, New York, pp 79–86
Denny P (1985a) The ecology and management of African
wetland vegetation. Junk, Dordrecht, pp 344
Denny P (1985b) Wetland plants and associated plant
life- forms. In: Denny P (ed) The ecology and management of African wetland vegetation. Junk,
Dordrecht, pp 1–18
Dey SC, Kar D (1989) Aquatic macrophytes of Lake Sone
in Assam. Environ Ecol 7(1):253–254
Field DW, Reyer AJ, Genovese PV, Shearer BD (1991)
Coastal wetlands of the United States. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, pp 59
Finlayson CM, Moser M (1991) Wetlands. Facts on File,
Oxford, pp 224
Golley FB, Odum HT, Wilson RF (1962) The structure
and metabolism of a Puerto Rican red mangrove forest
in May. Ecology 43:9–19
Good RE, Whigham DF, Simpson RL (1978) Freshwater
wetlands: ecological processes and management
potential. Academic, New York, pp 378
Gopal B, Masing M (1990) Biology and ecology. In:
Patten BC (ed) Wetlands and shallow continental
18 Classifi cation of Wetlands