263
introduction of them and their propagules is
the essence of the successional and functional
development of an ecosystem.
Suggested Readings
Boutin C, Keddy PA (1993) A functional classifi cation of
wetland plants. J Veg Sci 4:591–600
Chen R, Twilley RR (1998) A gap dynamic model of
mangrove forest development along gradients of soil
salinity and nutrient resources. J Ecol 86:37–51
Clements FA (1916) Plant succession: an analysis of the
development of vegetation. Carnegie Institution,
Washington Publications. 242, pp xiii + 512
Cooper WS (1913) The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake
Superior, and its development. Bot Gaz 55:1–44, 115–
140, 189–235
Cowles HC (1899) The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Bot Gaz
27:95–117, 167–202, 281–308
Cowles HC (1911) The causes of vegetative cycles. Bot
Gaz 51:161–183
Gleason HA (1917) The structure and development of the
plant association. Torrey Bot Club Bull 44:463–481
Grime HH (1979) Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Wiley, New York
Larsen JA (1982) Ecology of the Northern Lowland Bogs
and conifer forests. Academic, New York, 307 pp
Metzker MG, Mitsch WJ (1997) Modelling self-design of
the aquatic community in a newly created freshwater
wetland. Ecol Model 100:61–86
Mitsch WJ, Wilson RF (1996) Improving the success of
wetland creation and restoration with know-how, time,
and self-design. Ecol Appl 6:77–83
Odum EP (1969) The strategy of ecosystem development.
Science NY 164:262–270
Odum EP (1971) Fundamentals of ecology, 3rd edn.
W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 544 pp
Odum HT (1989) Ecological engineering and self organization. In: Mitsch WJ, Jørgensen SE (eds) Ecological
engineering. Wiley, New York, pp 79–101
Pearsall WH (1920) The aquatic vegetation of the English
Lakes. J Ecol 8:163–201
Pianka ER (1983) Evolutionary ecology. McGraw-Hill,
New York
Shelford VE (1911) Ecological succession. II. Pond
fi shes. Biol Bull 21:127–151
Shugart HH, Smith TM, Post WM (1992) The potential
for application of individual-based simulation models
for assessing the effects of global change. Ann Rev
Ecol Syst 23:15–38
Simberloff D, Dayan T (1991) The guild concept and the
structure of ecological communities. Ann Rev Ecol
Syst 22:115–143
Singer DK, Jackson ST, Madsen BJ, Wilcox DA (1996)
Differentiating climatic and successional infl uences
on long term development of a marsh. Ecology
77:1765–1778
Smith LM, Kadlec JA (1985) Predictions of vegetation
change following fi re in a Great Salt Lake marsh.
Aquat Bot 21:43–51
Tilman D (1982) Resource competition and community
structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 296 pp
Van der Valk AG (1981) Succession in wetlands: a
Gleasonian approach. Ecology 62:655–696
Whittaker RH (1967) Gradient analysis of vegetation.
Biol Rev 42:207–264. 502.
Wilcox DA, Simonin HA (1987) A chronosequence of
aquatic macrophyte communities in dune ponds.
Aquat Bot 28:227–242
Wisheu IC, Keddy PA (1992) Competition and centrifugal
organization of plant pothole wetlands in the
Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota,
1979–1990. Wetlands 15:193–211
Suggested Readings
introduction of them and their propagules is
the essence of the successional and functional
development of an ecosystem.
Suggested Readings
Boutin C, Keddy PA (1993) A functional classifi cation of
wetland plants. J Veg Sci 4:591–600
Chen R, Twilley RR (1998) A gap dynamic model of
mangrove forest development along gradients of soil
salinity and nutrient resources. J Ecol 86:37–51
Clements FA (1916) Plant succession: an analysis of the
development of vegetation. Carnegie Institution,
Washington Publications. 242, pp xiii + 512
Cooper WS (1913) The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake
Superior, and its development. Bot Gaz 55:1–44, 115–
140, 189–235
Cowles HC (1899) The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Bot Gaz
27:95–117, 167–202, 281–308
Cowles HC (1911) The causes of vegetative cycles. Bot
Gaz 51:161–183
Gleason HA (1917) The structure and development of the
plant association. Torrey Bot Club Bull 44:463–481
Grime HH (1979) Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Wiley, New York
Larsen JA (1982) Ecology of the Northern Lowland Bogs
and conifer forests. Academic, New York, 307 pp
Metzker MG, Mitsch WJ (1997) Modelling self-design of
the aquatic community in a newly created freshwater
wetland. Ecol Model 100:61–86
Mitsch WJ, Wilson RF (1996) Improving the success of
wetland creation and restoration with know-how, time,
and self-design. Ecol Appl 6:77–83
Odum EP (1969) The strategy of ecosystem development.
Science NY 164:262–270
Odum EP (1971) Fundamentals of ecology, 3rd edn.
W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 544 pp
Odum HT (1989) Ecological engineering and self organization. In: Mitsch WJ, Jørgensen SE (eds) Ecological
engineering. Wiley, New York, pp 79–101
Pearsall WH (1920) The aquatic vegetation of the English
Lakes. J Ecol 8:163–201
Pianka ER (1983) Evolutionary ecology. McGraw-Hill,
New York
Shelford VE (1911) Ecological succession. II. Pond
fi shes. Biol Bull 21:127–151
Shugart HH, Smith TM, Post WM (1992) The potential
for application of individual-based simulation models
for assessing the effects of global change. Ann Rev
Ecol Syst 23:15–38
Simberloff D, Dayan T (1991) The guild concept and the
structure of ecological communities. Ann Rev Ecol
Syst 22:115–143
Singer DK, Jackson ST, Madsen BJ, Wilcox DA (1996)
Differentiating climatic and successional infl uences
on long term development of a marsh. Ecology
77:1765–1778
Smith LM, Kadlec JA (1985) Predictions of vegetation
change following fi re in a Great Salt Lake marsh.
Aquat Bot 21:43–51
Tilman D (1982) Resource competition and community
structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 296 pp
Van der Valk AG (1981) Succession in wetlands: a
Gleasonian approach. Ecology 62:655–696
Whittaker RH (1967) Gradient analysis of vegetation.
Biol Rev 42:207–264. 502.
Wilcox DA, Simonin HA (1987) A chronosequence of
aquatic macrophyte communities in dune ponds.
Aquat Bot 28:227–242
Wisheu IC, Keddy PA (1992) Competition and centrifugal
organization of plant pothole wetlands in the
Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota,
1979–1990. Wetlands 15:193–211
Suggested Readings