181
well known. Gyrinids can swim rapidly below
the water surface. However, during daylight,
while food is available, they remain half
immersed, with the upper section of their compound eyes in air and the lower section immersed.
They can also maintain a stationary body in gently fl owing waters.
9.7.3 Underwater Song
Corixid water bugs communicate possibly by
means of stridulation using stridulatory pegs on
the fore femora. These are rubbed against plectra on the head capsule. Stridulatory signals are
species and sex specifi c in the genus Cenocorixa .
The males use acoustic signals agonistically in
spacing and also in calling females.
9.7.4 Respiration and Life History
All the adult water beetles and water bugs respire
through spiracles. However, some of the beetle
larvae have tracheal gills.
Summary
1. A lentic body contains different types of
macro- and microorganisms.
2. Plankton are generally microscopic organisms
which usually do not have any strong power of
locomotion. They are generally drifted by
wave action. The term nannoplankton is generally used to include very small plankton.
Further, there are different other types of
plankton, namely, pseudoplankton, potamoplankton, limnoplankton and helioplankton.
3. Sometimes, all the particulate materials in
water are considered as a whole. This is collectively called seston . Seston consists of bioseston (which include plankton and nekton) and
abioseston (tripton).
4. Triptons may be autochthonous or allochthonous in origin.
5. In addition, the fringing communities in a
lentic body are usually signifi cant components
of a lentic system. The simple or colonial
microalgae form mats on the bottom sediments
or rocks.
6. The benthos are the organisms found in the
solid–water interface. The benthos are also of
different kinds, namely, rhizobenthos and
endobenthos . Mixing of different kinds is
found in many lentic bodies. Organisms could
be of different types on the basis of seasonal
changes in population size, namely, monacmic and diacmic .
7. Similarly, organisms could be of different
types depending on the number of generations
per year, namely, univoltine and bivoltine .
Insects are signifi cant components in a lentic
body. The detritus are potential sources of
food in a water body. The insects perform
different types of activity in water.
Suggested Readings
Hensen V (1887) Ueber die Bestimmung des Planktons
oder des in Meere treibenden. Materials an Pfl anzen
und Thieren. Ber. Kommn wiss. Unters. Dt. Meere
5:1–109. 235
Hutchinson GE (1982) Life in air and water. Discovery
16(1):3–9. 280, 543
Kolkwitz R (1912) Plankton und Seston. Ber dt Bot Ges
30:334–346. 235
Lindeman RL (1942) The trophic-dynamic aspect of
ecology. Ecology 23:399–418. 279
Macan TT (1965) The fauna in the vegetation of a
moorland fi shpond. Arch Hydrobiol 61(4):432–452.
491,789
MacKerras IM (1970) Composition and distribution of the
fauna. In: The insects of Australia. Melbourne
University Press, Melbourne, pp 187–204. 277
Merritt RW, Communis KW (1984) An introduction to the
aquatic insects of North America, 2nd edn. Kendall
Hunt Publishing Co, Dubuque, 441 pp. 277
Naumann E (1931) Limnologische Terminologie.
E. Abderhalden: Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin/Wien, Abt
1x, Teil 8, 776 pp. 235, 236, 380, 381
Odum WE, Kirk PW, Zieman TC (1979) Non-protein
nitrogen compounds associated with particles of vascular plant detritus. Oikos 32:363–367. 286
Schaller F (1971) Indirect sperm transfer by soil arthropods. Ann Rev Ent 16:407–446. 289
Smith RL (1980) Evolution of exclusive postcopulatory
paternal care in the insects. Florida Ent 63:65–78. 289
Wilhelmi J (1917) Plankton und Tripton. Arch Hydrobiol
11:113–150. 235, 236
Suggested Readings
well known. Gyrinids can swim rapidly below
the water surface. However, during daylight,
while food is available, they remain half
immersed, with the upper section of their compound eyes in air and the lower section immersed.
They can also maintain a stationary body in gently fl owing waters.
9.7.3 Underwater Song
Corixid water bugs communicate possibly by
means of stridulation using stridulatory pegs on
the fore femora. These are rubbed against plectra on the head capsule. Stridulatory signals are
species and sex specifi c in the genus Cenocorixa .
The males use acoustic signals agonistically in
spacing and also in calling females.
9.7.4 Respiration and Life History
All the adult water beetles and water bugs respire
through spiracles. However, some of the beetle
larvae have tracheal gills.
Summary
1. A lentic body contains different types of
macro- and microorganisms.
2. Plankton are generally microscopic organisms
which usually do not have any strong power of
locomotion. They are generally drifted by
wave action. The term nannoplankton is generally used to include very small plankton.
Further, there are different other types of
plankton, namely, pseudoplankton, potamoplankton, limnoplankton and helioplankton.
3. Sometimes, all the particulate materials in
water are considered as a whole. This is collectively called seston . Seston consists of bioseston (which include plankton and nekton) and
abioseston (tripton).
4. Triptons may be autochthonous or allochthonous in origin.
5. In addition, the fringing communities in a
lentic body are usually signifi cant components
of a lentic system. The simple or colonial
microalgae form mats on the bottom sediments
or rocks.
6. The benthos are the organisms found in the
solid–water interface. The benthos are also of
different kinds, namely, rhizobenthos and
endobenthos . Mixing of different kinds is
found in many lentic bodies. Organisms could
be of different types on the basis of seasonal
changes in population size, namely, monacmic and diacmic .
7. Similarly, organisms could be of different
types depending on the number of generations
per year, namely, univoltine and bivoltine .
Insects are signifi cant components in a lentic
body. The detritus are potential sources of
food in a water body. The insects perform
different types of activity in water.
Suggested Readings
Hensen V (1887) Ueber die Bestimmung des Planktons
oder des in Meere treibenden. Materials an Pfl anzen
und Thieren. Ber. Kommn wiss. Unters. Dt. Meere
5:1–109. 235
Hutchinson GE (1982) Life in air and water. Discovery
16(1):3–9. 280, 543
Kolkwitz R (1912) Plankton und Seston. Ber dt Bot Ges
30:334–346. 235
Lindeman RL (1942) The trophic-dynamic aspect of
ecology. Ecology 23:399–418. 279
Macan TT (1965) The fauna in the vegetation of a
moorland fi shpond. Arch Hydrobiol 61(4):432–452.
491,789
MacKerras IM (1970) Composition and distribution of the
fauna. In: The insects of Australia. Melbourne
University Press, Melbourne, pp 187–204. 277
Merritt RW, Communis KW (1984) An introduction to the
aquatic insects of North America, 2nd edn. Kendall
Hunt Publishing Co, Dubuque, 441 pp. 277
Naumann E (1931) Limnologische Terminologie.
E. Abderhalden: Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin/Wien, Abt
1x, Teil 8, 776 pp. 235, 236, 380, 381
Odum WE, Kirk PW, Zieman TC (1979) Non-protein
nitrogen compounds associated with particles of vascular plant detritus. Oikos 32:363–367. 286
Schaller F (1971) Indirect sperm transfer by soil arthropods. Ann Rev Ent 16:407–446. 289
Smith RL (1980) Evolution of exclusive postcopulatory
paternal care in the insects. Florida Ent 63:65–78. 289
Wilhelmi J (1917) Plankton und Tripton. Arch Hydrobiol
11:113–150. 235, 236
Suggested Readings