174
prone to produce remarkable ecophenes fi lling
many niches in the absence of much fl oristic diversity. Myriophyllum propinquum may grow as a
moss-like sub-aerial plant on wet mud. In small
lakes with a very gently sloping margin, a littoral
fl ora was found to compose mainly of M. elatinoides, Glossostigma elatinoides, etc. All these
marginal plants may grow under water, but some
of them do not fl ower when submerged. Some of
the eulittoral psammobiont members of the
Centrolepidaceae in NZ and Tasmania were
known to contain two sympatric species of Isoetes
in Lake Taupo (Allan 1961 ).
8.5.11 Distribution and Zonation
in Various Kinds of Lakes
Fassett ( 1930 ) briefl y described the fl ora of
three small glacial lakes in NE Wisconsin,
namely, Weber, Crystal and Clear Lakes. In
these lakes, he had found sandy bottoms, very
high transparency (8.0–10.7 m) and soft water
(pH 5.8–6.8). Almost all the angiosperms in
the lake proper exhibited rosulate or comparable form.
Summary
1. AM are important biota which exert signifi -
cant impact on the ecological dynamics of a
lentic body, particularly with regard to gaseous exchange.
2. A discourse on AM forms one of the central
themes of the study of lentic systems. The AM
displays a rich diversity of fl oral elements in a
lentic body. They could be unrooted, fl oating,
rooted fl oating, emergent and submerged
types.
3. The diverse types of vegetation in a lentic
body may have different kinds of distribution
as well, notably, horizontal, vertical, etc.
4. Season and depth exert profound infl uence
on the availability and distribution of the
AM.
5. The AM also often portray happy association
among themselves which is regarded as
phytosociology. Certain approaches like
the Continental European approach and the
Clements–Pearsall approach have tried to
explain the aspects of phytosociology.
6. The AM of some of the lakes in certain
countries have been discussed, notably,
Germany, Denmark, the USA, New Zealand,
Africa (particularly lakes Victoria and
Tanganyika) and Asia (particularly lakes of
Indonesia, Sumatra, Java, etc.). Among
these, the lakes in Denmark tended to have a
girdle of Phragmites australis . The AM like
Potamogeton cheesemanii and Myriophyllum
propinquum are very plastic. AM of lake
Victoria is of varied types. On the other
hand, the AM of Lake Tanganyika largely
includes Vallisneria sp. The lakes of Asia
mostly contain tropical species of AM.
Suggested Readings
Allan HH (1961) Flora of New Zealand. N. Z. R. E. Owen,
Government Printer, Wellington. Liv, 1:1085. 474
Bernatowicz S, Pieczynska E (1965) Organic matter production of macrophytes in the lake Taltowisko
(Mazurian Lakeland). Ekol Pol Ser A 13:113–124.485
Bernatowicz S, Zachwieja J (1966) Types of littoral found
in lakes of the Mazurianand Suwalki Lakelands. Ekol
Pol Ser A 14:519–545. 453–460
Boye Peterson J (1917) In: Wesenberg L, Sand MJ, Boye
Peterson J, Seidelin Raunkiaer A, Steenberg CM
(1917) Bemaerkninger til Plantekortene over Bastrup
Sø, Forum Sø, Bagsvaerd Sø og Lyngby Sø.
Fuersøstudier, Chap. III, K . Dan. Vidensk, Selsk, Skr.
Nat. Mat. Afd. 39–57, 411, 412, 464, 465
Carter GS (1955) The Papyrus Swamps of Uganda. W.
Heffer & Sons, Cambridge, 25 pp. 478, 479
Chirstensen T, Andersen F (1958) De store vandplanter I
Furesø. Furesøundersøgelser, 1950–54, Folia Limnol
Scand 10:114–128. 64, 464–466
Clements FE (1916) Plant succession. Publication 242,
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 512 pp
Dangeard P (1925) Limite de la vegetation en profoundeur de quelques plantes submerge du Lac d’ Annecy.
C R Acad Sci Paris 180:304–306. 409
Eggerling WJ (1935) The vegetation of Namanve Swamp,
Uganda. J Ecol 23:422–435. 478
Fassett NC (1930) The plants of some northeastern
Wisconsin lakes. Trans Wis Acad Sci Arts Lett
25:157–168. 118, 130, 131, 137, 410, 430, 431b
Frantz TC, Cordone AJ (1967) Observations on deepwater
plants in Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada. Ecology
48:709–714. 38, 48, 61, 63, 152, 409
Golubic S (1963) Hydrostatischer Druck, Licht, andsubmerse Vegetation in Vrana-See. Int Rev Gesamten
Hydrobiol 48:1–7. 422
8 Aquatic Macrophytes in Lakes
prone to produce remarkable ecophenes fi lling
many niches in the absence of much fl oristic diversity. Myriophyllum propinquum may grow as a
moss-like sub-aerial plant on wet mud. In small
lakes with a very gently sloping margin, a littoral
fl ora was found to compose mainly of M. elatinoides, Glossostigma elatinoides, etc. All these
marginal plants may grow under water, but some
of them do not fl ower when submerged. Some of
the eulittoral psammobiont members of the
Centrolepidaceae in NZ and Tasmania were
known to contain two sympatric species of Isoetes
in Lake Taupo (Allan 1961 ).
8.5.11 Distribution and Zonation
in Various Kinds of Lakes
Fassett ( 1930 ) briefl y described the fl ora of
three small glacial lakes in NE Wisconsin,
namely, Weber, Crystal and Clear Lakes. In
these lakes, he had found sandy bottoms, very
high transparency (8.0–10.7 m) and soft water
(pH 5.8–6.8). Almost all the angiosperms in
the lake proper exhibited rosulate or comparable form.
Summary
1. AM are important biota which exert signifi -
cant impact on the ecological dynamics of a
lentic body, particularly with regard to gaseous exchange.
2. A discourse on AM forms one of the central
themes of the study of lentic systems. The AM
displays a rich diversity of fl oral elements in a
lentic body. They could be unrooted, fl oating,
rooted fl oating, emergent and submerged
types.
3. The diverse types of vegetation in a lentic
body may have different kinds of distribution
as well, notably, horizontal, vertical, etc.
4. Season and depth exert profound infl uence
on the availability and distribution of the
AM.
5. The AM also often portray happy association
among themselves which is regarded as
phytosociology. Certain approaches like
the Continental European approach and the
Clements–Pearsall approach have tried to
explain the aspects of phytosociology.
6. The AM of some of the lakes in certain
countries have been discussed, notably,
Germany, Denmark, the USA, New Zealand,
Africa (particularly lakes Victoria and
Tanganyika) and Asia (particularly lakes of
Indonesia, Sumatra, Java, etc.). Among
these, the lakes in Denmark tended to have a
girdle of Phragmites australis . The AM like
Potamogeton cheesemanii and Myriophyllum
propinquum are very plastic. AM of lake
Victoria is of varied types. On the other
hand, the AM of Lake Tanganyika largely
includes Vallisneria sp. The lakes of Asia
mostly contain tropical species of AM.
Suggested Readings
Allan HH (1961) Flora of New Zealand. N. Z. R. E. Owen,
Government Printer, Wellington. Liv, 1:1085. 474
Bernatowicz S, Pieczynska E (1965) Organic matter production of macrophytes in the lake Taltowisko
(Mazurian Lakeland). Ekol Pol Ser A 13:113–124.485
Bernatowicz S, Zachwieja J (1966) Types of littoral found
in lakes of the Mazurianand Suwalki Lakelands. Ekol
Pol Ser A 14:519–545. 453–460
Boye Peterson J (1917) In: Wesenberg L, Sand MJ, Boye
Peterson J, Seidelin Raunkiaer A, Steenberg CM
(1917) Bemaerkninger til Plantekortene over Bastrup
Sø, Forum Sø, Bagsvaerd Sø og Lyngby Sø.
Fuersøstudier, Chap. III, K . Dan. Vidensk, Selsk, Skr.
Nat. Mat. Afd. 39–57, 411, 412, 464, 465
Carter GS (1955) The Papyrus Swamps of Uganda. W.
Heffer & Sons, Cambridge, 25 pp. 478, 479
Chirstensen T, Andersen F (1958) De store vandplanter I
Furesø. Furesøundersøgelser, 1950–54, Folia Limnol
Scand 10:114–128. 64, 464–466
Clements FE (1916) Plant succession. Publication 242,
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 512 pp
Dangeard P (1925) Limite de la vegetation en profoundeur de quelques plantes submerge du Lac d’ Annecy.
C R Acad Sci Paris 180:304–306. 409
Eggerling WJ (1935) The vegetation of Namanve Swamp,
Uganda. J Ecol 23:422–435. 478
Fassett NC (1930) The plants of some northeastern
Wisconsin lakes. Trans Wis Acad Sci Arts Lett
25:157–168. 118, 130, 131, 137, 410, 430, 431b
Frantz TC, Cordone AJ (1967) Observations on deepwater
plants in Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada. Ecology
48:709–714. 38, 48, 61, 63, 152, 409
Golubic S (1963) Hydrostatischer Druck, Licht, andsubmerse Vegetation in Vrana-See. Int Rev Gesamten
Hydrobiol 48:1–7. 422
8 Aquatic Macrophytes in Lakes