165
Summary
1. This chapter has dealt with different aspects
of lake hydrology with emphasis on water balance of the lakes, the hydrological cycle,
atmospheric precipitation and its distribution.
2. It has also dealt with different types of hydrological regions, water balance of the hydrosphere and continental surfaces, water balance
of the lake and variation in the lake level and
their seasonal variations, distribution and
zonation in various kinds of lakes.
3. It has been pointed out that, among the terrestrial planets, only the earth, possibly, has
habitable hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere. Perhaps our earth was put together
from relatively cold pieces of matter, the
water initially being incorporated as ice. It is
a fact that production of rain requires supersaturation with water vapour in the air.
4. It is believed that the trade wind systems are the
most constant element of the hydrological cycle.
Nevertheless, the monsoon system exerts a profound impact on the hydrology of the globe.
5. There are three recognised hydrological regimes
on the earth based on the land masses, namely,
the exorheic regions, the endorheic regions and
the arheic regions. Incidentally, there are seasonal variations in hydrological patterns and
water balance in different regions. A lake obviously has different zones mainly according to
depth stratifi cation.
Suggested Readings
Berg LS (1934) Niveau de lamer Caspienne dans les
temps historiques. Probl Phys Geogr Moscow (Acad
Nauk Instit Geogr), Ie Russian text, 11–58, 61–64
(bibl); French summary, 58–61. 7, 239
Birge EA, Juday C (1934) Particulate and dissolved
organic matter in inland lakes. Ecol Monogr 4:440–
474. 231, 879, 882
Bowmann I (1935) Our expanding and contracting “desert”. Geogr Rev 25:43–61. 244
Bruckner E (1890) Klimaschwankungen seit 1700 nebst
Bemerkungen über die Klimaschwankungen der
Diluvialzeit. Geogr Abh (herausgeg. A. Penck) IV, No.
2, 324 pp. Wien und Olmütz, ed. Hölzel. 7. 238, 239
Cabot EC (1946) Dual-drainage anomalies in the far
north. Geogr Rev 36:474–482. 232
Day PC (1926) Precipitation in the drainage area of the
Great Lakes 1875–1924, with discussion on the levels
of the separate lakes and relation to the annual precipitation. Mon Wealth Rev Wash 54:85–101. 234
de Martonne E, Aufrere L (1928) L’extension des regions
privees d’ecoulement ver l’ocean. Publ Un Geogr Int
3, Paris, 194 pp. 226
Fassett NC (1930) The plants of some northeastern
Wisconsin lakes. Trans Wisc Acad Sci Arts Lett
25:157–168. 118, 130, 131, 137, 410, 430, 431b
Forel FA (1898) Les fl aques d’eau libres dans la glace des
lacs geles. Bull Soc Vaud Sci Nat 34:272–278. 231
Gagl K (1924) Über zwei faunistichiTypen aus der
Umgebung von Warschau auf Grund von Untersuchungen an Phyllopoda und Copepoda (exkl.
Harpacticidae). Bull Int Acad Cracovie (Acad Pol Sci)
ser. B 1924:13–55. 228
Halbfass W (1933) Seen. In: Handbuch der Geophysik.
Berlin, Borntraeger, Bd. 7., lf. T: 122–182. 223
Halbfass W (1934) Der Jahreswasserhaushalt der Erde. Ist
er quantitative eine konstante Grösse? Peternwanna
Mitt 80:137–140, 177–179. 223, 229
Hedin SA (1917) Southern Tibet: Vol II, Lake Manasarovar
and the sources of the Great Indian Rivers-from the
end of the eighteenth century to 1913. Stockholm,
Lithographic Institute, Swedish Army, xi, 330 pp. 240
Henkel J (1912) Zusammenstellung von Zahlen für die
Wasserführung der Flüsse. Geogr Ant 13:266 (not
seen: ref. Kalle 1945). 229
Hess H (1933) Das Eis der Erde. In: Handbuch der
Geophysik. Berlin, Borntraeger, Bd. 7, If. 1:121. 222
Huntington E (1907) The pulse of Asia. Houghton Miffl in,
Boston/New York, xxi, 415 pp. 7, 238
Hutchinson GE (2004) A Treatise on Limnology, vol IV:
The Zoobenthos. Wiley, New York, pp xx +944
Jacobs Wc (1951) The energy exchange between sea and
atmosphere and some of its consequences. Bull
Scripps Inst Oceanogr 6:27–122. 229
Kalle K (1945) Der Stoffhaushalt der Meeres. Probleme
der kosmischen Physik, 23. Leipzig, Akad.
Verlagsgesellschaft, Becker & Erler, 263 pp. (originally published 1943). 223, 228, 229
Kanthack FE (1941) The fl uctuations of Lake Nyasa.
George J 98:20–33. 242, 244
Kulp LJ (1951) Origin of the hydrosphere. Bull Goel Soc
Am 62:326–330. 220
Penck A (1894) Morphologie der Erdoberfl äche.
Engelhorn, Stuttgart, vol I, xiv, 471 pp; vol II, 696 p pp
3, 44, 109, 223
Sverdrup HU (1952) Evaporation from the oceans. In:
Compendium of meteorology. American Meteorological
Society, Boston, pp 1071–1981. 228
Tilho J (1919) Über die quantitative Bestimmung der
Reaktion in naturliche Wassern. (Not seen: ref.
Hellström 1941). 300
Tison LJ (1949) Variations des niveaux du lac
Tanganika. Gen Ass Int Un Geod, Oslo, 1948, Ass
Int Hydro Sci, I. Trav Comm Potamol Limnol, 360–
361. 242
Suggested Readings
Summary
1. This chapter has dealt with different aspects
of lake hydrology with emphasis on water balance of the lakes, the hydrological cycle,
atmospheric precipitation and its distribution.
2. It has also dealt with different types of hydrological regions, water balance of the hydrosphere and continental surfaces, water balance
of the lake and variation in the lake level and
their seasonal variations, distribution and
zonation in various kinds of lakes.
3. It has been pointed out that, among the terrestrial planets, only the earth, possibly, has
habitable hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere. Perhaps our earth was put together
from relatively cold pieces of matter, the
water initially being incorporated as ice. It is
a fact that production of rain requires supersaturation with water vapour in the air.
4. It is believed that the trade wind systems are the
most constant element of the hydrological cycle.
Nevertheless, the monsoon system exerts a profound impact on the hydrology of the globe.
5. There are three recognised hydrological regimes
on the earth based on the land masses, namely,
the exorheic regions, the endorheic regions and
the arheic regions. Incidentally, there are seasonal variations in hydrological patterns and
water balance in different regions. A lake obviously has different zones mainly according to
depth stratifi cation.
Suggested Readings
Berg LS (1934) Niveau de lamer Caspienne dans les
temps historiques. Probl Phys Geogr Moscow (Acad
Nauk Instit Geogr), Ie Russian text, 11–58, 61–64
(bibl); French summary, 58–61. 7, 239
Birge EA, Juday C (1934) Particulate and dissolved
organic matter in inland lakes. Ecol Monogr 4:440–
474. 231, 879, 882
Bowmann I (1935) Our expanding and contracting “desert”. Geogr Rev 25:43–61. 244
Bruckner E (1890) Klimaschwankungen seit 1700 nebst
Bemerkungen über die Klimaschwankungen der
Diluvialzeit. Geogr Abh (herausgeg. A. Penck) IV, No.
2, 324 pp. Wien und Olmütz, ed. Hölzel. 7. 238, 239
Cabot EC (1946) Dual-drainage anomalies in the far
north. Geogr Rev 36:474–482. 232
Day PC (1926) Precipitation in the drainage area of the
Great Lakes 1875–1924, with discussion on the levels
of the separate lakes and relation to the annual precipitation. Mon Wealth Rev Wash 54:85–101. 234
de Martonne E, Aufrere L (1928) L’extension des regions
privees d’ecoulement ver l’ocean. Publ Un Geogr Int
3, Paris, 194 pp. 226
Fassett NC (1930) The plants of some northeastern
Wisconsin lakes. Trans Wisc Acad Sci Arts Lett
25:157–168. 118, 130, 131, 137, 410, 430, 431b
Forel FA (1898) Les fl aques d’eau libres dans la glace des
lacs geles. Bull Soc Vaud Sci Nat 34:272–278. 231
Gagl K (1924) Über zwei faunistichiTypen aus der
Umgebung von Warschau auf Grund von Untersuchungen an Phyllopoda und Copepoda (exkl.
Harpacticidae). Bull Int Acad Cracovie (Acad Pol Sci)
ser. B 1924:13–55. 228
Halbfass W (1933) Seen. In: Handbuch der Geophysik.
Berlin, Borntraeger, Bd. 7., lf. T: 122–182. 223
Halbfass W (1934) Der Jahreswasserhaushalt der Erde. Ist
er quantitative eine konstante Grösse? Peternwanna
Mitt 80:137–140, 177–179. 223, 229
Hedin SA (1917) Southern Tibet: Vol II, Lake Manasarovar
and the sources of the Great Indian Rivers-from the
end of the eighteenth century to 1913. Stockholm,
Lithographic Institute, Swedish Army, xi, 330 pp. 240
Henkel J (1912) Zusammenstellung von Zahlen für die
Wasserführung der Flüsse. Geogr Ant 13:266 (not
seen: ref. Kalle 1945). 229
Hess H (1933) Das Eis der Erde. In: Handbuch der
Geophysik. Berlin, Borntraeger, Bd. 7, If. 1:121. 222
Huntington E (1907) The pulse of Asia. Houghton Miffl in,
Boston/New York, xxi, 415 pp. 7, 238
Hutchinson GE (2004) A Treatise on Limnology, vol IV:
The Zoobenthos. Wiley, New York, pp xx +944
Jacobs Wc (1951) The energy exchange between sea and
atmosphere and some of its consequences. Bull
Scripps Inst Oceanogr 6:27–122. 229
Kalle K (1945) Der Stoffhaushalt der Meeres. Probleme
der kosmischen Physik, 23. Leipzig, Akad.
Verlagsgesellschaft, Becker & Erler, 263 pp. (originally published 1943). 223, 228, 229
Kanthack FE (1941) The fl uctuations of Lake Nyasa.
George J 98:20–33. 242, 244
Kulp LJ (1951) Origin of the hydrosphere. Bull Goel Soc
Am 62:326–330. 220
Penck A (1894) Morphologie der Erdoberfl äche.
Engelhorn, Stuttgart, vol I, xiv, 471 pp; vol II, 696 p pp
3, 44, 109, 223
Sverdrup HU (1952) Evaporation from the oceans. In:
Compendium of meteorology. American Meteorological
Society, Boston, pp 1071–1981. 228
Tilho J (1919) Über die quantitative Bestimmung der
Reaktion in naturliche Wassern. (Not seen: ref.
Hellström 1941). 300
Tison LJ (1949) Variations des niveaux du lac
Tanganika. Gen Ass Int Un Geod, Oslo, 1948, Ass
Int Hydro Sci, I. Trav Comm Potamol Limnol, 360–
361. 242
Suggested Readings