xvii
1 Introduction ...................................................................................
1
1.1 Basic Concepts of Limnology ..............................................
1
1.2 Ecology and Environment ....................................................
1
1.3 Limnology ............................................................................
1
1.4 Defi nitions of Limnology .....................................................
2
1.4.1 Restricted Usage ....................................................
2
1.4.2 Extended Usage .....................................................
2
1.5 Other Terminologies ............................................................
2
1.6 Defi nition of Certain General Ecological Terms..................
3
1.6.1 Population ..............................................................
3
1.6.2 Assemblage ............................................................
3
1.6.3 Biotope ...................................................................
3
1.6.4 Biocoenosis ............................................................
3
1.6.5 Association, Niche and Habitat ..............................
3
1.6.6 Strata and Zones .....................................................
4
1.6.7 The Lacustrine Biocoenosis ...................................
4
1.6.8 Plankton, Seston and Tripton .................................
4
1.6.9 Benthos ..................................................................
5
1.7 Essential Nature, Objectives and Scope
of Limnological Study .........................................................
6
1.8 Present Status of Limnology ................................................
6
1.9 Unexplored Fields ................................................................
7
1.10 Limnology in a Typical Developing Country ......................
7
1.10.1 Geoclimatic Features of Malaysia .........................
8
1.10.2 Peninsular Malaysia ...............................................
8
1.10.3 Natural Vegetation .................................................
9
1.10.4 Freshwater Resources ............................................ 10
1.10.5 Development of Limnology in Malaysia ............... 11
1.10.6 Major Fields of Limnological Research ................ 12
1.10.7 Training in Limnology ........................................... 14
1.10.8 Funding Opportunities and Agencies ..................... 15
1.11 Limnology in India: An Overview ....................................... 16
Suggested Readings ........................................................................ 18
2 The Limnology of Lentic System ................................................. 27
2.1 The Total Aquatic System .................................................... 27
2.2 Aquatic Systems as Integral Part of the Biosphere .............. 27
Contents
1 Introduction ...................................................................................
1
1.1 Basic Concepts of Limnology ..............................................
1
1.2 Ecology and Environment ....................................................
1
1.3 Limnology ............................................................................
1
1.4 Defi nitions of Limnology .....................................................
2
1.4.1 Restricted Usage ....................................................
2
1.4.2 Extended Usage .....................................................
2
1.5 Other Terminologies ............................................................
2
1.6 Defi nition of Certain General Ecological Terms..................
3
1.6.1 Population ..............................................................
3
1.6.2 Assemblage ............................................................
3
1.6.3 Biotope ...................................................................
3
1.6.4 Biocoenosis ............................................................
3
1.6.5 Association, Niche and Habitat ..............................
3
1.6.6 Strata and Zones .....................................................
4
1.6.7 The Lacustrine Biocoenosis ...................................
4
1.6.8 Plankton, Seston and Tripton .................................
4
1.6.9 Benthos ..................................................................
5
1.7 Essential Nature, Objectives and Scope
of Limnological Study .........................................................
6
1.8 Present Status of Limnology ................................................
6
1.9 Unexplored Fields ................................................................
7
1.10 Limnology in a Typical Developing Country ......................
7
1.10.1 Geoclimatic Features of Malaysia .........................
8
1.10.2 Peninsular Malaysia ...............................................
8
1.10.3 Natural Vegetation .................................................
9
1.10.4 Freshwater Resources ............................................ 10
1.10.5 Development of Limnology in Malaysia ............... 11
1.10.6 Major Fields of Limnological Research ................ 12
1.10.7 Training in Limnology ........................................... 14
1.10.8 Funding Opportunities and Agencies ..................... 15
1.11 Limnology in India: An Overview ....................................... 16
Suggested Readings ........................................................................ 18
2 The Limnology of Lentic System ................................................. 27
2.1 The Total Aquatic System .................................................... 27
2.2 Aquatic Systems as Integral Part of the Biosphere .............. 27
Contents