54
Miller JR, Friedman JM (2009) Influence of flow variability on floodplain formation and destruction, Little Missouri River, North Dakota. Geol Soc Am Bull 121:752–759
Minckley WL, Rinne JN (1985) Large woody debris in hot-desert streams: an historical review.
Desert Plants 7:142–153
Montgomery DR (1999) Process domains and the river continuum. J Am Water Resour Assoc
35:397–410
Montgomery DR, Collins BD, Buffington JM, Abbe TB (2003) Geomorphic effects of wood in
rivers. In: Gregory SV, Boyer KL, Gurnell AM (eds) The ecology and management of wood in
world rivers. American Fisheries Society Symposium, vol 37, Bethesda, pp 21–47
Muehlbauer JD, Collins SF, Doyle MW, Tockner K (2014) How wide is a stream? Spatial extent
of potential ‘stream signature’ in terrestrial food webs using meta-analysis. Ecology 95:44–55
Nadeau T-L, Rains MC (2007) Hydrological connectivity between headwater streams and downstream waters: how science can inform policy. J Am Water Resour Assoc 43:118–133
Nadler CT, Schumm SA (1981) Metamorphosis of South Platte and Arkansas Rivers, eastern
Colorado. Phys Geogr 2:95–115
Naiman RJ, Melillo JM, Hobbie JE (1986) Ecosystem alteration of boreal forest streams by beaver
(Castor canadensis). Ecology 67:1254–1269
Naiman RJ, Johnston CA, Kelley JC (1988a) Alteration of North American streams by beaver.
Bioscience 38:753–762
Naiman RJ, Decamps H, Pastor J, Johnston CA (1988b) The potential importance of boundaries to
fluvial ecosystems. J N Am Benthol Soc 7:289–306
Naiman RJ, Decamps H, McClain ME (2005) Riparia: ecology, conservation, and management of
streamside communities. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Nakano S, Murakami M (2001) Reciprocal subsidies: dynamic interdependence between terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:166–170
Nanson GC (1986) Episodes of vertical accretion and catastrophic stripping: a model of disequlibrium flood-plain development. Geol Soc Am Bull 97:1467–1475
Nanson GC, Croke JC (1992) A genetic classification of floodplains. Geomorphology 4:459–486
Newbold JD, Elwood JW, O’Neill RV, Van Winkle W (1981) Measuring nutrient spiralling in
streams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 38:860–863
Nihlgard BJ, Swank WT, Mitchell MJ (1994) Biological processes and catchment studies. In:
Moldan B, Cerny J (eds) Biogeochemistry of small catchments: a tool for environmental
research. Wiley, Chichester, pp 133–161
Nilsson C, Lepori F, Malmqvist B, Törnlund E, Hjerdt N, Helfield JM, Palm D, Östergren J,
Jansson R, Brännäs E, Lundqvist H (2005) Forecasting environmental responses to restoration
of rivers used as log floatways: an interdisciplinary challenge. Ecosystems 8:779–800
O’Connor JE, Jones MA, Haluska TL (2003) Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault
and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA. Geomorphology 51:31–59
Omernik JM (2004) Perspectives on the nature and definition of ecological regions. Environ
Manag 34:27–38
Osterkamp WR, Hedman ER (1977) Variation of width and discharge for natural high-gradient
stream channels. Water Resour Res 13:256–258
Owens PN, Walling DE (2002) Changes in sediment sources and floodplain deposition rates in the
catchment of the River Tweed, Scotland, over the last 100 years: the impact of climate and land
use change. Earth Surf Process Landf 27:403–423
Palmer MA, Menninger HL, Bernhardt E (2010) River restoration, habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity: a failure of theory or practice? Freshw Biol 55:205–222
Parrish JD, Braun DP et al (2003) Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological
integrity within protected areas. Bioscience 53:851–860
Pazzaglia FJ (2013) Fluvial terraces. In: Wohl E (ed) Treatise on fluvial geomorphology. Treatise
on geomorphology, vol 9. Academic, San Diego, pp 379–412
Peipoch M, Brauns M, Hauer RF, Weitere M, Valett HM (2015) Ecological simplification: human
influences on riverscape complexity. Bioscience 65:1057–1065
2 Rivers as Ecosystems
Miller JR, Friedman JM (2009) Influence of flow variability on floodplain formation and destruction, Little Missouri River, North Dakota. Geol Soc Am Bull 121:752–759
Minckley WL, Rinne JN (1985) Large woody debris in hot-desert streams: an historical review.
Desert Plants 7:142–153
Montgomery DR (1999) Process domains and the river continuum. J Am Water Resour Assoc
35:397–410
Montgomery DR, Collins BD, Buffington JM, Abbe TB (2003) Geomorphic effects of wood in
rivers. In: Gregory SV, Boyer KL, Gurnell AM (eds) The ecology and management of wood in
world rivers. American Fisheries Society Symposium, vol 37, Bethesda, pp 21–47
Muehlbauer JD, Collins SF, Doyle MW, Tockner K (2014) How wide is a stream? Spatial extent
of potential ‘stream signature’ in terrestrial food webs using meta-analysis. Ecology 95:44–55
Nadeau T-L, Rains MC (2007) Hydrological connectivity between headwater streams and downstream waters: how science can inform policy. J Am Water Resour Assoc 43:118–133
Nadler CT, Schumm SA (1981) Metamorphosis of South Platte and Arkansas Rivers, eastern
Colorado. Phys Geogr 2:95–115
Naiman RJ, Melillo JM, Hobbie JE (1986) Ecosystem alteration of boreal forest streams by beaver
(Castor canadensis). Ecology 67:1254–1269
Naiman RJ, Johnston CA, Kelley JC (1988a) Alteration of North American streams by beaver.
Bioscience 38:753–762
Naiman RJ, Decamps H, Pastor J, Johnston CA (1988b) The potential importance of boundaries to
fluvial ecosystems. J N Am Benthol Soc 7:289–306
Naiman RJ, Decamps H, McClain ME (2005) Riparia: ecology, conservation, and management of
streamside communities. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Nakano S, Murakami M (2001) Reciprocal subsidies: dynamic interdependence between terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:166–170
Nanson GC (1986) Episodes of vertical accretion and catastrophic stripping: a model of disequlibrium flood-plain development. Geol Soc Am Bull 97:1467–1475
Nanson GC, Croke JC (1992) A genetic classification of floodplains. Geomorphology 4:459–486
Newbold JD, Elwood JW, O’Neill RV, Van Winkle W (1981) Measuring nutrient spiralling in
streams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 38:860–863
Nihlgard BJ, Swank WT, Mitchell MJ (1994) Biological processes and catchment studies. In:
Moldan B, Cerny J (eds) Biogeochemistry of small catchments: a tool for environmental
research. Wiley, Chichester, pp 133–161
Nilsson C, Lepori F, Malmqvist B, Törnlund E, Hjerdt N, Helfield JM, Palm D, Östergren J,
Jansson R, Brännäs E, Lundqvist H (2005) Forecasting environmental responses to restoration
of rivers used as log floatways: an interdisciplinary challenge. Ecosystems 8:779–800
O’Connor JE, Jones MA, Haluska TL (2003) Flood plain and channel dynamics of the Quinault
and Queets Rivers, Washington, USA. Geomorphology 51:31–59
Omernik JM (2004) Perspectives on the nature and definition of ecological regions. Environ
Manag 34:27–38
Osterkamp WR, Hedman ER (1977) Variation of width and discharge for natural high-gradient
stream channels. Water Resour Res 13:256–258
Owens PN, Walling DE (2002) Changes in sediment sources and floodplain deposition rates in the
catchment of the River Tweed, Scotland, over the last 100 years: the impact of climate and land
use change. Earth Surf Process Landf 27:403–423
Palmer MA, Menninger HL, Bernhardt E (2010) River restoration, habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity: a failure of theory or practice? Freshw Biol 55:205–222
Parrish JD, Braun DP et al (2003) Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological
integrity within protected areas. Bioscience 53:851–860
Pazzaglia FJ (2013) Fluvial terraces. In: Wohl E (ed) Treatise on fluvial geomorphology. Treatise
on geomorphology, vol 9. Academic, San Diego, pp 379–412
Peipoch M, Brauns M, Hauer RF, Weitere M, Valett HM (2015) Ecological simplification: human
influences on riverscape complexity. Bioscience 65:1057–1065
2 Rivers as Ecosystems