50
Bailey RG (1995) Description of the ecoregions of the United States, 2nd edn. USDA Forest
Service Miscellaneous Publication 1391, Washington, DC
Baker DW, Bledsoe BP, Price JM (2012) Stream nitrate uptake and transient storage over a gradient of geomorphic complexity, north-central Colorado, USA. Hydrol Process 26:3241–3252
Baker VR (1988) Flood erosion. In: Baker VR, Kochel RC, Patton PC (eds) Flood geomorphology.
Wiley, New York, pp 81–95
Battin TJ, Kaplan LA, Findlay S, Hopkinson CS, Marti E, Packman AI, Newbold JD, Sabater F
(2008) Biophysical controls on organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks. Nat Geosci 1:95–100
Battin TJ, Besemer K, Bengtsson MM, Romani AM, Packman AI (2016) The ecology and biogeochemistry of stream biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:251–263
Baxter CV, Fausch KD, Saunders WC (2005) Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey
link streams and riparian zones. Freshw Biol 50:201–220
Bayley PB (1991) The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems. River
Res Appl 6:75–86
Beckman ND, Wohl E (2014) Carbon storage in mountainous headwater streams: the role of oldgrowth forest and logjams. Water Resour Res 50:2376–2393
Bellmore JR, Baxter CV (2014) Effects of geomorphic process domains on river ecosystems: a
comparison of floodplain and confined valley segments. River Res Appl 30:617–630
Benda L (1990) The influence of debris flows on channels and valley floors in the Oregon Coast
Range, USA. Earth Surf Process Landf 15:457–466
Benda LE, Sias JC (2003) A quantitative framework for evaluating the mass balance of in-stream
organic debris. For Ecol Manag 172:1–16
Beschta RL, Ripple WJ (2012) The role of large predators in maintaining riparian plant communities and river morphology. Geomorphology 157–158:88–98
Boivin M, Buffin-Bélanger T, Piégay H (2015) The raft of the Saint-Jean River, Gaspé (Québec,
Canada): a dynamic feature trapping most of the wood transported from the catchment.
Geomorphology 231:270–280
Bongaarts J (2009) Human population growth and the demographic transition. Philos Trans R Soc
B 364:2985–2990
Braccia A, Batzer DP (2001) Invertebrates associated with woody debris in a southeastern US
forested floodplain wetland. Wetlands 21:18–31
Brierley GJ, Brooks AP, Fryirs K, Taylor MP (2005) Did humid-temperate rivers in the Old and
New Worlds respond differently to clearance of riparian vegetation and removal of woody
debris? Prog Phys Geogr 29:27–49
Brierley GJ, Fryirs KA (2005) Geomorphology and river management: applications of the river
styles framework. Blackwell, Oxford, p 398
Brierley G, Fryirs K (2009) Don’t fight the site: three geomorphic considerations in catchmentscale river rehabilitation planning. Environ Manag 43:1201–1218
Brummer CJ, Abbe TB, Sampson JR et al (2006) Influence of vertical channel change associated with wood accumulations on delineating channel migration zones, Washington,
USA. Geomorphology 80:295–309
Brunke M, Gonser T (1997) The ecological significance of exchange processes between rivers and
groundwater. Freshw Biol 37:1–33
Brunsden D, Thornes JB (1979) Landscape sensitivity and change. Trans Inst Br Geogr 4:463–484
Buffington JM, Montgomery DR (1999) Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of
gravel-bed rivers. Water Resour Res 35:3507–3521
Buffington JM, Tonina D (2009) Hyporheic exchange in mountain rivers II: effects of channel
morphology on mechanics, scales, and rates of exchange. Geogr Compass 3:1038–1062
Bull WB (1991) Geomorphic responses to climatic change. Oxford University Press, New York
Burchsted D, Daniels M, Thorson R, Vokoun J (2010) The river discontinuum: applying beaver modifications to baseline conditions for restoration of forested headwaters. Bioscience
60:908–922
2 Rivers as Ecosystems
Bailey RG (1995) Description of the ecoregions of the United States, 2nd edn. USDA Forest
Service Miscellaneous Publication 1391, Washington, DC
Baker DW, Bledsoe BP, Price JM (2012) Stream nitrate uptake and transient storage over a gradient of geomorphic complexity, north-central Colorado, USA. Hydrol Process 26:3241–3252
Baker VR (1988) Flood erosion. In: Baker VR, Kochel RC, Patton PC (eds) Flood geomorphology.
Wiley, New York, pp 81–95
Battin TJ, Kaplan LA, Findlay S, Hopkinson CS, Marti E, Packman AI, Newbold JD, Sabater F
(2008) Biophysical controls on organic carbon fluxes in fluvial networks. Nat Geosci 1:95–100
Battin TJ, Besemer K, Bengtsson MM, Romani AM, Packman AI (2016) The ecology and biogeochemistry of stream biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:251–263
Baxter CV, Fausch KD, Saunders WC (2005) Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey
link streams and riparian zones. Freshw Biol 50:201–220
Bayley PB (1991) The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems. River
Res Appl 6:75–86
Beckman ND, Wohl E (2014) Carbon storage in mountainous headwater streams: the role of oldgrowth forest and logjams. Water Resour Res 50:2376–2393
Bellmore JR, Baxter CV (2014) Effects of geomorphic process domains on river ecosystems: a
comparison of floodplain and confined valley segments. River Res Appl 30:617–630
Benda L (1990) The influence of debris flows on channels and valley floors in the Oregon Coast
Range, USA. Earth Surf Process Landf 15:457–466
Benda LE, Sias JC (2003) A quantitative framework for evaluating the mass balance of in-stream
organic debris. For Ecol Manag 172:1–16
Beschta RL, Ripple WJ (2012) The role of large predators in maintaining riparian plant communities and river morphology. Geomorphology 157–158:88–98
Boivin M, Buffin-Bélanger T, Piégay H (2015) The raft of the Saint-Jean River, Gaspé (Québec,
Canada): a dynamic feature trapping most of the wood transported from the catchment.
Geomorphology 231:270–280
Bongaarts J (2009) Human population growth and the demographic transition. Philos Trans R Soc
B 364:2985–2990
Braccia A, Batzer DP (2001) Invertebrates associated with woody debris in a southeastern US
forested floodplain wetland. Wetlands 21:18–31
Brierley GJ, Brooks AP, Fryirs K, Taylor MP (2005) Did humid-temperate rivers in the Old and
New Worlds respond differently to clearance of riparian vegetation and removal of woody
debris? Prog Phys Geogr 29:27–49
Brierley GJ, Fryirs KA (2005) Geomorphology and river management: applications of the river
styles framework. Blackwell, Oxford, p 398
Brierley G, Fryirs K (2009) Don’t fight the site: three geomorphic considerations in catchmentscale river rehabilitation planning. Environ Manag 43:1201–1218
Brummer CJ, Abbe TB, Sampson JR et al (2006) Influence of vertical channel change associated with wood accumulations on delineating channel migration zones, Washington,
USA. Geomorphology 80:295–309
Brunke M, Gonser T (1997) The ecological significance of exchange processes between rivers and
groundwater. Freshw Biol 37:1–33
Brunsden D, Thornes JB (1979) Landscape sensitivity and change. Trans Inst Br Geogr 4:463–484
Buffington JM, Montgomery DR (1999) Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of
gravel-bed rivers. Water Resour Res 35:3507–3521
Buffington JM, Tonina D (2009) Hyporheic exchange in mountain rivers II: effects of channel
morphology on mechanics, scales, and rates of exchange. Geogr Compass 3:1038–1062
Bull WB (1991) Geomorphic responses to climatic change. Oxford University Press, New York
Burchsted D, Daniels M, Thorson R, Vokoun J (2010) The river discontinuum: applying beaver modifications to baseline conditions for restoration of forested headwaters. Bioscience
60:908–922
2 Rivers as Ecosystems