326
F. Hell and J. Lahnsteiner
Electrodialysis consumed only half the energy that was required by reverse
osmosis. Due to the fact that electrodialysis can be operated at a higher degree of
oversaturation than reverse osmosis, the chemical demand for scaling control is
much lower. Furthermore, electrodialysis is much more tolerant to fouling effects.
Thus, electrodialysis features also by a low chemical consumption. The advantage
of reverse osmosis is the dual-barrier concept. As the combination of ozonation
with biologically activated carbon filtration and final reverse osmosis offers the
effect of a dual barrier for disinfection and removal of organics even when the raw
water is heavily polluted.
The final decision for reverse osmosis or electrodialysis will have to take into
consideration all the parameters such as investment and operating costs,
maintenance costs, environmental impacts and safety considerations etc.
Generally, it can be stated that for the application described above electrodialysis
can be an interesting alternative for reverse osmosis.
References
Eberhard R (1993) Autbereitung von nitratreichem Wasser am Brunnen KleylehofmitteJs
Elektrodialyse unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Behandlung des Konzentrats.
Dissertation, Universitat fUr Bodenkultur, Wien
Eyal A, Kedem 0 (1988) Nitrate selective anion exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 38:
101-111,
HAGEN K. (1991) The CARlX-process. International Workshop on Inorganic Nitrogen
Compounds and Water Supply; Hamburg Nov.27 th - 29 th 1991, Germany
Hell F, Lahnsteiner J, Frischherz H, Novalic S (1995) Removal of nitrate by electrodialysis.
IWSA / AIDE Workshop on Membranes in Drinking Water Production, Paris March
27th - 29 th , 1995 France
Hell F, Lahnsteiner J, Frischherz H, Baumgartner G (1998) Experience with full-scale
electrodialysis for nitrate and hardness removal. desalination 117: 172-180
Lahnsteiner J, Hell F (1993) Pilot experiences with the biological denitrification at the
Leibnitz Waterworks. Eur Water Filtration Congress, Oostende March 15 th - 17 th , 1993
Belgium
Mizutani Y. (1990) Ion exchange membranes with preferential permselectivity for
monovalent ions. J Membr Sci 54: 233-257
Packer PJ, Caygill CPJ, Hill MJ, Leach SA (1995) Regional variation in potable water
nitrate concentration and its effect on total dietary nitrate intake. J. Water SRT - Aqua
44: 5, 224 - 229
Packham RF (1991) Public health and regulatory aspects ofingorganic nitrogen compounds
in drinking water. Int Workshop on Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds and Water Supply,
Hamburg Nov.27 th - 29 th , 1991, Germany
Rautenbach R, Kopp W, Opbergen G, Peters Th, Helekes R (1986) ProzeBvergleich von
Umkehrosmose und Elektrodialyse am Beispiel der Nitratentfernung aus Grundwiissern.
Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 58 Nr.12: 938-945
F. Hell and J. Lahnsteiner
Electrodialysis consumed only half the energy that was required by reverse
osmosis. Due to the fact that electrodialysis can be operated at a higher degree of
oversaturation than reverse osmosis, the chemical demand for scaling control is
much lower. Furthermore, electrodialysis is much more tolerant to fouling effects.
Thus, electrodialysis features also by a low chemical consumption. The advantage
of reverse osmosis is the dual-barrier concept. As the combination of ozonation
with biologically activated carbon filtration and final reverse osmosis offers the
effect of a dual barrier for disinfection and removal of organics even when the raw
water is heavily polluted.
The final decision for reverse osmosis or electrodialysis will have to take into
consideration all the parameters such as investment and operating costs,
maintenance costs, environmental impacts and safety considerations etc.
Generally, it can be stated that for the application described above electrodialysis
can be an interesting alternative for reverse osmosis.
References
Eberhard R (1993) Autbereitung von nitratreichem Wasser am Brunnen KleylehofmitteJs
Elektrodialyse unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Behandlung des Konzentrats.
Dissertation, Universitat fUr Bodenkultur, Wien
Eyal A, Kedem 0 (1988) Nitrate selective anion exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 38:
101-111,
HAGEN K. (1991) The CARlX-process. International Workshop on Inorganic Nitrogen
Compounds and Water Supply; Hamburg Nov.27 th - 29 th 1991, Germany
Hell F, Lahnsteiner J, Frischherz H, Novalic S (1995) Removal of nitrate by electrodialysis.
IWSA / AIDE Workshop on Membranes in Drinking Water Production, Paris March
27th - 29 th , 1995 France
Hell F, Lahnsteiner J, Frischherz H, Baumgartner G (1998) Experience with full-scale
electrodialysis for nitrate and hardness removal. desalination 117: 172-180
Lahnsteiner J, Hell F (1993) Pilot experiences with the biological denitrification at the
Leibnitz Waterworks. Eur Water Filtration Congress, Oostende March 15 th - 17 th , 1993
Belgium
Mizutani Y. (1990) Ion exchange membranes with preferential permselectivity for
monovalent ions. J Membr Sci 54: 233-257
Packer PJ, Caygill CPJ, Hill MJ, Leach SA (1995) Regional variation in potable water
nitrate concentration and its effect on total dietary nitrate intake. J. Water SRT - Aqua
44: 5, 224 - 229
Packham RF (1991) Public health and regulatory aspects ofingorganic nitrogen compounds
in drinking water. Int Workshop on Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds and Water Supply,
Hamburg Nov.27 th - 29 th , 1991, Germany
Rautenbach R, Kopp W, Opbergen G, Peters Th, Helekes R (1986) ProzeBvergleich von
Umkehrosmose und Elektrodialyse am Beispiel der Nitratentfernung aus Grundwiissern.
Chem.-Ing.-Tech. 58 Nr.12: 938-945