200 R. W. Buddemeier et al.
The following paragraphs discuss the previous studies contributing to the
development of the various types of databases needed for the development of the
IWRM approach in south-central Kansas.
3.1.1 Field Data Collection
The crucial situation of groundwater quality deterioration was identified several
decades ago. However, only during the past decade have adequate preliminary
studies addressed the data needs of the IWRM approach with regard to the
following: (1) field monitoring of all important parameters of groundwater and
surface water quality in sensitive locations; (2) monitoring of groundwater levels
on an extensive basis; and (3) checking the pumping of groundwater in sensitive
locations. All accumulated field data and current monitoring information are
organized in databases and subject to time-series analyses, where possible.
Hutchinson-Nickerson Area. A network of 41 monitoring wells at 21 sites was
installed for groundwater data collection (Fig. 3 ; Young et al. 1997, 1998). The
wells were used primarily for monitoring water levels and water quality at
different depths in the Equus Beds aquifer. In addition, logs of the wells provide
information on the sediments that comprise the aquifer, the salinity distribution at
the different locations, and the depth to bedrock.
Drilling began in late September 1996 and was completed in January 1997.
Each site has at least one well screened in the Equus Beds aquifer. Most sites
consist of two or more wells completed at different depths in the aquifer. Nearly
all the sites have a deep well completed directly above bedrock. Some sites have
at least one well of intermediate depth in the aquifer. Most sites have at least one
well of shallow to intermediate depth, and one site has four wells. A complete
listing of data on the sites, wells, and measured concentrations of groundwater
constituents has been introduced into an appropriate database.
The monitoring sites were situated to form transects across the Arkansas River
(see Fig. 3). An effort was made to complete some wells in alluvial material
deposited in deep bedrock channels, which may be significant pathways for saltwater transport (Sophocleous 1991; Rubin and Buddemeier 1997). The well
database incorporates basic well and site information, including groundwater
monitoring site and well ID, legal location, land surface elevation, depth to
bedrock, bedrock surface elevation, and screen and gravel pack intervals.
Locations and elevations were surveyed by the US Bureau of Reclamation using a
global positioning system (GPS).
The database incorporates information regarding the aquifer composition,
including well logs and information derived from the logs. The aquifer is
composed primarily of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits of sand and gravel
interbedded with layers or lenses of silt and clay; the thickness and character of
the materials is variable. The aquifer overlies bedrock of Permian age; however,
bedrock of Cretaceous age may be found in the northern part of the study area. In
the Arkansas River valley, the deposits consist of fairly extensive sand and gravel
beds, separated by clays in places. A near-surface clay layer is common. The
sediments generally are thicker south of the Arkansas River.
The following paragraphs discuss the previous studies contributing to the
development of the various types of databases needed for the development of the
IWRM approach in south-central Kansas.
3.1.1 Field Data Collection
The crucial situation of groundwater quality deterioration was identified several
decades ago. However, only during the past decade have adequate preliminary
studies addressed the data needs of the IWRM approach with regard to the
following: (1) field monitoring of all important parameters of groundwater and
surface water quality in sensitive locations; (2) monitoring of groundwater levels
on an extensive basis; and (3) checking the pumping of groundwater in sensitive
locations. All accumulated field data and current monitoring information are
organized in databases and subject to time-series analyses, where possible.
Hutchinson-Nickerson Area. A network of 41 monitoring wells at 21 sites was
installed for groundwater data collection (Fig. 3 ; Young et al. 1997, 1998). The
wells were used primarily for monitoring water levels and water quality at
different depths in the Equus Beds aquifer. In addition, logs of the wells provide
information on the sediments that comprise the aquifer, the salinity distribution at
the different locations, and the depth to bedrock.
Drilling began in late September 1996 and was completed in January 1997.
Each site has at least one well screened in the Equus Beds aquifer. Most sites
consist of two or more wells completed at different depths in the aquifer. Nearly
all the sites have a deep well completed directly above bedrock. Some sites have
at least one well of intermediate depth in the aquifer. Most sites have at least one
well of shallow to intermediate depth, and one site has four wells. A complete
listing of data on the sites, wells, and measured concentrations of groundwater
constituents has been introduced into an appropriate database.
The monitoring sites were situated to form transects across the Arkansas River
(see Fig. 3). An effort was made to complete some wells in alluvial material
deposited in deep bedrock channels, which may be significant pathways for saltwater transport (Sophocleous 1991; Rubin and Buddemeier 1997). The well
database incorporates basic well and site information, including groundwater
monitoring site and well ID, legal location, land surface elevation, depth to
bedrock, bedrock surface elevation, and screen and gravel pack intervals.
Locations and elevations were surveyed by the US Bureau of Reclamation using a
global positioning system (GPS).
The database incorporates information regarding the aquifer composition,
including well logs and information derived from the logs. The aquifer is
composed primarily of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits of sand and gravel
interbedded with layers or lenses of silt and clay; the thickness and character of
the materials is variable. The aquifer overlies bedrock of Permian age; however,
bedrock of Cretaceous age may be found in the northern part of the study area. In
the Arkansas River valley, the deposits consist of fairly extensive sand and gravel
beds, separated by clays in places. A near-surface clay layer is common. The
sediments generally are thicker south of the Arkansas River.