XIV
Contents
13 Nitrate Water Pollution Risk in the Lower Jordan Valley
R. Orlhofer and W. Loibl ............................................................... 231
1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 231
2 Water Usage in the Lower Jordan Valley ........................................ 232
2.1 Water Supply ............................................................................ 232
2.2 Water Demand .......................................................................... 233
3 Risks for Groundwater Pollution....... ... .... ............ .............. .... ..... ... 234
3.1 Pollution Sources and Risk Factors.......................................... 234
3.2 Modeling Leakage Depths in the Jordan Valley Floor. ............ 243
4 Summary and Conclusions............................................................. 243
References........ ....... ...... ..... .......... ... .... .... ...... ....... ........... ...... ....... ... .... 244
14 Introducing Sustainability Issues to the
Water Management of the Lower Jordan Valley
H. Kupfersberger............................................................................ 245
1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 245
2 Current and Future Water Supply and Demand .............................. 246
2.1 General Situation...................................................................... 246
2.2 Groundwater Resources ............................................................ 248
3 Sustainability Issue...... ..... ... ..... ..... ...... ....... ......... ....... .... ........ ... ..... 249
4 Realistic Options for Future Water Management... ......... ....... ........ 251
5 Proposal for an Integrated Water Resources Management Plan ..... 252
6 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 254
References ............................................................................................ 254
15 Groundwater Management Strategies to
Improve Surface Water Quality in an Urbanized Area
J. Furst and H.P. Nachtnebe/ ....................................................... 255
Introduction ..................................................................................... 255
1.1 History of the Study Site Alte Donau ...................................... 256
1.2 Problems .................................................................................. 258
1.3 Objectives ................................................................................ 258
2 Changes in the Groundwater Regime............................................. 258
3 Changes in the Water Balance of Alte Donau....... ........ .... ..... ........ 259
3.1 Water Balance before Construction of the
Flood Bypass Channel (1971-73) ............................................ 260
3.2 Hydrological Regime After Construction of the
Flood Bypass Channel... .......................................................... 261
3.3 Summary of Changes in the Hydrological Regime ................. 263
4 Input of Nutrients ............................................................................ 264
5 Relationships Between Surface Water Quality
and Hydrological Regime. ... .... ........... ..... ...... ......................... ........ 265
6 Management. ................................................................................... 266
Contents
13 Nitrate Water Pollution Risk in the Lower Jordan Valley
R. Orlhofer and W. Loibl ............................................................... 231
1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 231
2 Water Usage in the Lower Jordan Valley ........................................ 232
2.1 Water Supply ............................................................................ 232
2.2 Water Demand .......................................................................... 233
3 Risks for Groundwater Pollution....... ... .... ............ .............. .... ..... ... 234
3.1 Pollution Sources and Risk Factors.......................................... 234
3.2 Modeling Leakage Depths in the Jordan Valley Floor. ............ 243
4 Summary and Conclusions............................................................. 243
References........ ....... ...... ..... .......... ... .... .... ...... ....... ........... ...... ....... ... .... 244
14 Introducing Sustainability Issues to the
Water Management of the Lower Jordan Valley
H. Kupfersberger............................................................................ 245
1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 245
2 Current and Future Water Supply and Demand .............................. 246
2.1 General Situation...................................................................... 246
2.2 Groundwater Resources ............................................................ 248
3 Sustainability Issue...... ..... ... ..... ..... ...... ....... ......... ....... .... ........ ... ..... 249
4 Realistic Options for Future Water Management... ......... ....... ........ 251
5 Proposal for an Integrated Water Resources Management Plan ..... 252
6 Conclusions ..................................................................................... 254
References ............................................................................................ 254
15 Groundwater Management Strategies to
Improve Surface Water Quality in an Urbanized Area
J. Furst and H.P. Nachtnebe/ ....................................................... 255
Introduction ..................................................................................... 255
1.1 History of the Study Site Alte Donau ...................................... 256
1.2 Problems .................................................................................. 258
1.3 Objectives ................................................................................ 258
2 Changes in the Groundwater Regime............................................. 258
3 Changes in the Water Balance of Alte Donau....... ........ .... ..... ........ 259
3.1 Water Balance before Construction of the
Flood Bypass Channel (1971-73) ............................................ 260
3.2 Hydrological Regime After Construction of the
Flood Bypass Channel... .......................................................... 261
3.3 Summary of Changes in the Hydrological Regime ................. 263
4 Input of Nutrients ............................................................................ 264
5 Relationships Between Surface Water Quality
and Hydrological Regime. ... .... ........... ..... ...... ......................... ........ 265
6 Management. ................................................................................... 266