74
Lake and Pond Sediments
Ester sulphate and carbon bonded sulphur are the major sulphur constituents together with a high Zn-HCI reducible sulphur content, indicating that inorganic sulphur
constituents other than sulphates may be important.
3.3
Organic Carbon Parameters
3.3.1
Organic Carbon
The determination of organic carbon in silty lake sediments has been discussed
[229].
3.3.2
Sediment Oxygen Demand
Bowman and Delfino [231] have reviewed methods for the determination of the
sediment oxygen demand oflake sediments. Wang [230] tested several toxicants as a
means of distinguishing between the biological and chemical oxygen demand of
bottom deposits; phenol was found to be most effective. A method was also developed
for separating the chemical demand into ferrous, sulphide, and manganous demands.
Tests on sediments from lakes in Illinois showed the major component of the oxygen
demand to be chemical, and predominantly due to iron.
3.4
Organics
3.4.1
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
Giger and Schnaffner [232] described a glass capillary gas chromatographic method
for the determination of P AHs in lake and river sediments. P AHs are isolated by a
sequence of solvent extraction, gel fIltration, and adsorption chromatography, and
individual concentrations determined by gas chromatography.
3.4.2
Inositol Phosphate Esters
These have been determined in lake sediments [233].
3.4.3
Carbohydrates
Mopper and Regeus [234] determined monosaccharides in lake sediments with a
sensitivity of 0.1 nmol, using an automated chromatographic sugar analyser. The test
solution is forced by nitrogen pressure into a nylon column (110 cm x 2.8 mm) pakked
Lake and Pond Sediments
Ester sulphate and carbon bonded sulphur are the major sulphur constituents together with a high Zn-HCI reducible sulphur content, indicating that inorganic sulphur
constituents other than sulphates may be important.
3.3
Organic Carbon Parameters
3.3.1
Organic Carbon
The determination of organic carbon in silty lake sediments has been discussed
[229].
3.3.2
Sediment Oxygen Demand
Bowman and Delfino [231] have reviewed methods for the determination of the
sediment oxygen demand oflake sediments. Wang [230] tested several toxicants as a
means of distinguishing between the biological and chemical oxygen demand of
bottom deposits; phenol was found to be most effective. A method was also developed
for separating the chemical demand into ferrous, sulphide, and manganous demands.
Tests on sediments from lakes in Illinois showed the major component of the oxygen
demand to be chemical, and predominantly due to iron.
3.4
Organics
3.4.1
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
Giger and Schnaffner [232] described a glass capillary gas chromatographic method
for the determination of P AHs in lake and river sediments. P AHs are isolated by a
sequence of solvent extraction, gel fIltration, and adsorption chromatography, and
individual concentrations determined by gas chromatography.
3.4.2
Inositol Phosphate Esters
These have been determined in lake sediments [233].
3.4.3
Carbohydrates
Mopper and Regeus [234] determined monosaccharides in lake sediments with a
sensitivity of 0.1 nmol, using an automated chromatographic sugar analyser. The test
solution is forced by nitrogen pressure into a nylon column (110 cm x 2.8 mm) pakked