156
Fish
7.3.11
Toxaphene
Hughes and Lee [469] have used gas chromatography to determine toxaphene in fish
samples.
Musial and Uthe [470] describe a simple procedure using a combination of chromatography and fuming nitric-concentrated sulphuric acid clean-up followed by capillary gas chromatography for the estimation of toxaphene residues in marine fish. Wet
weight concentrations were 1.1 mg kg- 1 in cod liver and 1.0-0.4 mg kg- 1 in herring
fillet from the Gulf of St Lawrence and Halifax respectively.
7.3.12
Polychlorinated Nitrobenzenes
Procedures have been described for the separation and identification of polychlorinated nitrobenzene compounds in fish [471]. The method comprised liquid chromatographic separation in silica gel, selective fractionation on Florisil, followed by gas
chromatography, with mass spectroscopy and mass fragmentography as methods of
identification. In all, 12 separate nitrocompounds were detected, together with other
polychlorinated pesticide derivatives.
7.3.13
Polychlorinated Styrenes
Polychlorinated styrenes have been determined in fish [472-474]. Steinwandter and
Zimmer [473] using analysis by gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy and mass
fragmentography after liquid chromatographic fraction in silica gel, identified 14
isomeric polychlorinated styrenes in Rhine fish using negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Ramdahl et al. [474] determined polychlorinated styrenes in
fish samples. The fish muscle and liver samples were homogenized and extracted with
equal parts of cyclohexane and isopropanol. Concentrated extracts were treated with
concentrated sulphuric acid before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
Separation of chlorinated styrenes was achieved using gas chromatography columns
of fused silica with injector and detector temperature at 250°C, and temperature
programming at 60°C for two minutes then 4 °c per minute to 250°C. All eight
possible chlorostyrenes with fully chlorinated aromatic nuclei were identified in the
fish (codfish) samples by this method. Gas chromatography with electron capture
detection could be used for quantification.
7.3.14
1,1-Dichlorodimethylsulphone
Lindstrom and Schubert [475] used gas chromatography combined with multi-stage
mass spectrometry and direct inlet multistage mass spectrometry to determine 1,1dichlorodimethylsulphone in aquatic organisms in waters. The results obtained using
the multistage mass spectrometry technique are reported, using homogenized liver
extracts from flounders. The method is shown to be sensitive, selective, and rapid,
and does not require selective working up procedures.
Fish
7.3.11
Toxaphene
Hughes and Lee [469] have used gas chromatography to determine toxaphene in fish
samples.
Musial and Uthe [470] describe a simple procedure using a combination of chromatography and fuming nitric-concentrated sulphuric acid clean-up followed by capillary gas chromatography for the estimation of toxaphene residues in marine fish. Wet
weight concentrations were 1.1 mg kg- 1 in cod liver and 1.0-0.4 mg kg- 1 in herring
fillet from the Gulf of St Lawrence and Halifax respectively.
7.3.12
Polychlorinated Nitrobenzenes
Procedures have been described for the separation and identification of polychlorinated nitrobenzene compounds in fish [471]. The method comprised liquid chromatographic separation in silica gel, selective fractionation on Florisil, followed by gas
chromatography, with mass spectroscopy and mass fragmentography as methods of
identification. In all, 12 separate nitrocompounds were detected, together with other
polychlorinated pesticide derivatives.
7.3.13
Polychlorinated Styrenes
Polychlorinated styrenes have been determined in fish [472-474]. Steinwandter and
Zimmer [473] using analysis by gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy and mass
fragmentography after liquid chromatographic fraction in silica gel, identified 14
isomeric polychlorinated styrenes in Rhine fish using negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Ramdahl et al. [474] determined polychlorinated styrenes in
fish samples. The fish muscle and liver samples were homogenized and extracted with
equal parts of cyclohexane and isopropanol. Concentrated extracts were treated with
concentrated sulphuric acid before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
Separation of chlorinated styrenes was achieved using gas chromatography columns
of fused silica with injector and detector temperature at 250°C, and temperature
programming at 60°C for two minutes then 4 °c per minute to 250°C. All eight
possible chlorostyrenes with fully chlorinated aromatic nuclei were identified in the
fish (codfish) samples by this method. Gas chromatography with electron capture
detection could be used for quantification.
7.3.14
1,1-Dichlorodimethylsulphone
Lindstrom and Schubert [475] used gas chromatography combined with multi-stage
mass spectrometry and direct inlet multistage mass spectrometry to determine 1,1dichlorodimethylsulphone in aquatic organisms in waters. The results obtained using
the multistage mass spectrometry technique are reported, using homogenized liver
extracts from flounders. The method is shown to be sensitive, selective, and rapid,
and does not require selective working up procedures.